Unlocking the therapeutic potential of Agapanthus Africanus (L.) Hoffmanns: A systematic review of a salt-tolerant medicinal plant with potential healing properties.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i9.1730Keywords:
Therapeutic, Traditional medicine, Ethnopharmacology, Ethnobotany, Phytoconstituents, Pharmacology, Therapeutic potentialAbstract
Introduction
Agapanthus africanus, commonly known as the African Lily, is a salt-tolerant plant native to South Africa’s coastal regions and has long been used in traditional African medicine for treating various ailments. This review aims to synthesize current ethnobotanical and scientific knowledge on A. africanus, focusing on its traditional uses, phytochemical composition, pharmacological potential, salt stress tolerance, and ecological adaptability.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other academic databases. The search was limited to English-language publications from the past decade. A total of 82 records were identified, of which 63 studies met the inclusion criteria for quality and relevance.
Results
The plant is traditionally used to manage pregnancy-related conditions, respiratory issues, infections, and inflammatory diseases. Phytochemical analysis reveals bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and CNS-modulating properties. Emerging evidence suggests additional roles in managing hypertension and depression through ACE and serotonin reuptake inhibition. Conservation concerns are rising due to habitat degradation; although not formally assessed by the IUCN, some subspecies are locally protected in South Africa.
Conclusion
With its therapeutic potential and natural adaptation to saline environments, A. africanus presents a promising candidate for eco-friendly pharmaceutical development and sustainable agriculture. Realizing this potential requires interdisciplinary research integrating ecology, pharmacology, horticulture, and indigenous knowledge systems to support both conservation and utilization.
Recommendations
Future research should prioritize the development of standardized extraction techniques and dosing guidelines to enhance repeatability and facilitate the clinical translation of these findings. In vivo and clinical trials will be conducted to validate the pharmacological claims that are now supported by in vitro and ethnobotanical evidence. Ecological monitoring and conservation assessments, with a focus on habitat fragmentation and the implications of climate change.
References
Adegbaju, M.S., Ajose, T., Adegbaju, I.E., Omosebi, T., Ajenifujah-Solebo, S.O., Falana, O.Y., Shittu, O.B., Adetunji, C.O. and Akinbo, O., 2024. Genetic engineering and genome editing technologies as catalysts for Africa's food security: the case of plant biotechnology in Nigeria. Frontiers in Genome Editing 6: 1398813 https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2024.1398813 PMid:39045572 PMCid: PMC11263695
Almeida, A., Dong, L., Appendino, G. and Bak, S., 2020. Plant triterpenoids with bond-missing skeletons: biogenesis, distribution, and bioactivity. Natural Product Reports 37: 1207-1228. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NP00030E PMid:32368768
Arnolds, J.L. and Guo, D., 2024. Plant Conservation in National Botanical Gardens of South Africa. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 12: 145 -162. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2024.1211008
Attah, A.F., Fagbemi, A.A., Olabisi, O., Dada-Adegbola, H., Oluwadotun, A., Elujoba, A. and Babalola, C.P., 2021. Therapeutic potentials of antiviral plants used in traditional African medicine with COVID-19 in focus: A Nigerian perspective. Frontiers in pharmacology 12: .596855 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.596855 PMid:33981214 PMCid:PMC8108136
Baskaran, P., Chukwujekwu, J.C., Amoo, S.O. and Van Staden, J., 2014. Anticholinesterase and mutagenic evaluation of in vitro-regenerated Agapanthus praecox grown ex vitro. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 50: 271- 275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-013-9567-z
Bonokwane, M.B., 2023. Evaluation of indigenous medicinal plants with potential antidepressant effects (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa)).
Chaitanya, M.V., Baye, H.G., Ali, H.S. and Usamo, F.B., 2021. Traditional African Medicine. Natural Medicinal Plants, ISBN 978 1 83969 - 276 - 5 https://dox.doi.org/10.5772/Intechopen
Chawla, S.L., Momin, K.C., Pawar, R.D., Kumari, K. and Patil, S., 2022. Traditional bulbous plants. In Floriculture and Ornamental Plants, 263 - 305. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3518-5_11
Chen, M., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Du, Z., Chen, X., Kong, X., Sun, W., and Chen, C., 2020. Drought stress modifies the cuticle of tender tea leaves and mature leaves for transpiration barrier enhancement through common and distinct modes. Scientific Reports 10: 6696 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.751547 PMid:34659320 PMCid: PMC8519587
Dawson, N.M., Coolsaet, B., Sterling, E.J., Loveridge, R., Gross-Camp, N.D., Wongbusarakum, S., Sangha, K.K., Scherl, L.M., Phan, H.P., Zafra-Calvo, N., and Lavey, W.G., 2021. The role of Indigenous peoples and local communities in effective and equitable conservation. Ecology and Society 26: 19 - 25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12625-260319
Devi, P. and Kumar, P., 2023. Herbal Medicine and Pregnancy. In Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends 1-31. Cham: Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21973-3_25-1 PMCid:PMC10764083
Erez, E. and Battal, P., 2022. Determination of allelopathic and antimicrobial effects of four different plant species. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences 6: 79 -89. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1100720
Fajinmi, O.O., Olarewaju, O.O. and Van Staden, J., 2023. Propagation of medicinal plants for sustainable livelihoods, economic development, and biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Plants 12:1174 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051174 PMid:36904034 PMCid:PMC10007054
Fernández, V., Gil‐Pelegrín, E. and Eichert, T., 2021. Foliar water and solute absorption: an update. The Plant Journal 105: 870 - 883. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15090 PMid:33219553
Gomaa, A.A.R., Younis, N.A.M., Hofny, H.A., Desoukey, S.Y. and Selim, A.H.I., 2024. Phytochemical characterization and biological evaluation of Agapanthus africanus: A combined experimental and in silico study. South African Journal of Botany 170: 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.05.026
González-Valenzuela, L., Renard, J., Depège-Fargeix, N. and Ingram, G., 2023. The plant cuticle. Current Biology 33: 210 - 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.003 PMid:36977378
Gozdzik, J., 2023. The biosynthetic mechanisms behind mid-chain functional groups of plant cuticular waxes (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
Gusev, E. and Zhuravleva, Y., 2022. Inflammation: A new look at an old problem. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23: 4596 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094596 PMid:35562986 PMCid: PMC9100490
Gutiérrez-Rodelo, C., Martínez-Tolibia, S.E., Morales-Figueroa, G.E., Velázquez-Moyado, J.A., Olivares-Reyes, J.A. and Navarrete-Castro, A., 2023. Modulating cyclic nucleotide pathways by bioactive compounds in combating anxiety and depression disorders. Molecular Biology Reports 50: 7797 - 7814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08650-8 PMid:37486442 PMCid:PMC10460744
Healy, M., Nyman, V., Spence, D., Otten, R.H. and Verhoeven, C.J., 2020. How do midwives facilitate women to give birth during the physiological second stage of labour? A systematic review. PloS one 15: e0226502 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226502 PMid:32722680 PMCid:PMC7386622
Hossan, M.S. and Khan, M.S.S., 2021. Herbal Product Standardization: Ensuring Safety and Efficacy for Biopharmaceutical Use in Asia and Australasia. Australian Herbal Insight 4: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.25163/ahi.4121066
Huang, X., Hilscher, J., Stoger, E., Christou, P. and Zhu, C., 2021. Modification of cereal plant architecture by genome editing to improve yields. Plant Cell Reports, 40: 953 - 978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02668-7 PMid:33559722
Illamola, S.M., Amaeze, O.U., Krepkova, L.V., Birnbaum, A.K., Karanam, A., Job, K.M., Bortnikova, V.V., Sherwin, C.M. and Enioutina, E.Y., 2020. Use of herbal medicine by pregnant women: What physicians need to know. Frontiers in pharmacology 10: 1483 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01483 PMid:31998122 PMCid: PMC6962104
Imarhiagbe, O., Onyeukwu, I.I., Egboduku, W.O., Mukah, F.E. and Ogwu, M.C., 2022. Forest conservation strategies in Africa: Historical Perspective, status and sustainable Avenues for progress. In Biodiversity in Africa: potentials, threats and conservation 29: 547-572. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3326-4_21
Jacklin, D.M., Brink, I.C. and Jacobs, S.M., 2021. A phyto-guide to species selection for optimized South African green infrastructure. Water SA 47: 515 - 522. https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3875
Kekana, L.S. and Sebitloane, M.H., 2020. Ingestion of herbal medication during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes. South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 26: 71 - 75. https://doi.org/10.7196/sajog.1615
Khan, S., Siraj, S., Shahid, M., Haque, M.M. and Islam, A., 2023. Osmolytes: Wonder molecules to combat protein misfolding against stress conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 234: 123662 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123662 PMid:36796566
Khan, Z., Razzaq, A., Sattar, T., Ahmed, A., Habibullah Khan, S., and Zubair Ghouri, M., 2022. Understanding floral biology for CRISPR-based modification of color and fragrance in horticultural plants. F1000Research 11:854https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.122453.1
Khumalo, G.P., Van Wyk, B.E., Feng, Y. and Cock, I.E., 2022. A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory pain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 283: 114436 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114436 PMid:34289396
Kochi, L.Y., Freitas, P.L., Maranho, L.T., Juneau, P. and Gomes, M.P., 2020. Aquatic macrophytes in constructed wetlands: a fight against water pollution. Sustainability 12: 9202 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219202
Koli, S., Dewangan, G. and Sahoo, D., 2023. Management of Goat Diseases Using Ethnoveterinary Practices. Special Issue 3: 1 - 126.
Konan, A.M.L., Golly, K.J., Kra, A.K.M., Adima, A.A. and Lohoues, E.E.C., 2022. Phytochemical screening and toxicity assessment of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) raw extracts with brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 10: 153 - 171. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.108014
Kosoe, E.A., Achana, G.T. and Ogwu, M.C., 2024. Regulations and policies for herbal medicine and practitioners. In Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends 1-23. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21973-3_33-2
Kumar, M., Chaudhary, V., Yadav, M.K., Chauhan, C., Kumar, R., Singh, D. and Teotia, S., 2024. RNAi: a potent biotechnological tool for the improvement of ornamental crops. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 43: 23 – 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-024-01475-0
Laughlin, D.C., 2023. Plant strategies: the demographic consequences of functional traits in changing environments. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192867940.001.0001
Levett, K.M., Smith, C.A., Bensoussan, A. and Dahlen, H.G., 2016. Complementary therapies for labour and birth study: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal integrative medicine for pain management in labour. BMJ open 6: e010691 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010691 PMid:27406639 PMCid:PMC4947718
Liu, X., Chen, S., Du, F., Sun, L., Huang, Q., Gao, X., Li, J., Tong, H., and Yao, D., 2023. Insights into adaptive regulation of the leaf-petiole system: strategies for survival of water lily plants under salt stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24: 5605 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065605 PMid:36982679 PMCid: PMC10058412
Liu, X., Gao, S., Liu, Y., Cao, B., Chen, Z., and Xu, K., 2020. Comparative analysis of the chemical composition and water permeability of the cuticular wax barrier in Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Protoplasma 257: 833 - 840.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01470-3 PMid:31848754
Mahajan, M. and Pal, P.K., 2023. Drought and salinity stress in medicinal and aromatic plants: Physiological response, adaptive mechanism, management/amelioration strategies, and an opportunity for production of bioactive compounds. Advances in Agronomy 182: 221 - 273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2023.06.005
Mahato, D., Mahto, H. and Kumari, S., 2025. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Cultivation and Sustainable Development. In Industrial Crops Improvement: Biotechnological Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development, 135-153. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75937-6_8
Makhoahle, P.M., 2022. South African Herbs Used for Cancer Therapy in Rural Areas. In Herbs and Spices-New Advances. IntechOpen. https:// DOI: 10.5772/intechopen 108734
Malakar, P. and Chattopadhyay, D., 2021. Adaptation of plants to salt stress: the role of the ion transporters. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 30: 668 - 683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-021-00741-6
Maroyi, A., 2022. Traditional uses of wild and tended plants in maintaining ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 18: 17 -.18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00512 0: PMid:35292046 PMCid: PMC8925170
Mawere, M., Sithole, P.M., Hlatywayo, A.M. and Muyambo, T., 2022. 10-Indigenous Knowledge Systems-based Sexual and Reproductive Health: Ndau indigenous practice of Masuwo for childbirth preparedness. In Re-imagining Indigenous Knowledge and Practices in 21st Century Africa: Debunking Myths & Misconceptions for Conviviality and Sustainability 189 - 208. Langaa RPCIG https://muse.jhu.edu/book/100540. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gs4grp.13
Mbhele, N., Ncube, B., Ndhlala, A.R. and Moteetee, A., 2022. Pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of six scientifically unexplored indigenous plants traditionally used in South Africa to treat wounds. South African Journal of Botany 147: 9 -129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.12.026
Meerow, A.W., 2023. Classification and phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae, the modern synthesis and the road ahead: A review. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 58: 4 - 4. https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v58.n3.40046
Megha, K.B., Joseph, X., Akhil, V. and Mohanan, P.V., 2021. Cascade of immune mechanisms and consequences of inflammatory disorders. Phytomedicine 91: 153712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153712 PMid:34511264 PMCid:PMC8373857
Mekapogu, M., Jung, J.A., Kwon, O.K., Ahn, M.S., Song, H.Y. and Jang, S., 2021. Recent progress in enhancing fungal disease resistance in ornamental plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 7956 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157956 PMid:34360726 PMCid: PMC8348885
Mekapogu, M., Song, H.Y., Lim, S.H. and Jung, J.A., 2023. Genetic engineering and genome editing advances to enhance floral attributes in ornamental plants: an update. Plants 12: 3983 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233983 PMid:38068619 PMCid:PMC10707928
Menéndez, O., Villacrés, J., Rivera, R.G. and Cheein, F.A., 2021. Analyzing the capabilities of electric field energy harvesting using natural leaves. IEEE Access 9: 158852 - 158861.https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129717
Moteetee, A. and Kose, L.S., 2017. A review of medicinal plants used by the Basotho for treatment of skin disorders: their phytochemical, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14: 121 - 137. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i5.16
Mtemeli, F.L., Ndlovu, J., Mugumbate, G., Makwikwi, T. and Shoko, R., 2022. Advances in schistosomiasis drug discovery based on natural products. All Life 15: 608 - 623. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2022.2080281
MUIA, P.M., 2020. HERBAL MEDICINE USE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN MAKUENI COUNTY, KENYA (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Musie, M.R., Anokwuru, R.A., Ngunyulu, R.N. and Lukhele, S., 2022. African indigenous beliefs and practices during pregnancy, birth, and after birth. Working with indigenous knowledge: Strategies for health professionals [Internet].
Nath, S., Saha, P.S. and Jha, S., 2013. Medicinal Bulbous Plants. Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology 338. eBook ISBN9780429167904.
Nawaz, M., Sun, J., Shabbir, S., Khattak, W.A., Ren, G., Nie, X., Bo, Y., Javed, Q., Du, D. and Sonne, C., 2023. A review of plants' strategies to resist biotic and abiotic environmental stressors. Science of The Total Environment 900: 165832 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165832 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165832 PMid:37524179
Negash, L., 2021. A Selection of African native trees: Biology, uses, propagation and restoration techniques. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ISBN 978-99944-3-086-4
Nicolini, K.P. and Nicolini, J., 2025. Lily of the Nile (Agapanthus spp.), an Ornamental Bulbous Plant: Phytochemicals and Correlation with Breeding Aspects. In Breeding of Ornamental Crops: Bulbous Flowers 5: 39 - 77. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77900-8_2
Nunes, P., Nunes, S.C., Pereira, R.F.P., Cruz, R., Rocha, J., Ravishankar, A.P., Fernandes, L., Bacelar, E., Casal, S., Anand, S. and Crespí, A.L., 2023. The leaf of Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffm.A physical-chemical perspective of terrestrialization in the cuticle. Environmental and Experimental Botany 208: 105240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105240
Obahiagbon, E.G. and Ogwu, M.C., 2023. The nexus of business, sustainability, and herbal medicine. In Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends 1-42. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21973-3_67-1
Pathak, V.M., Verma, V.K., Rawat, B.S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., Singh, S. and Mohapatra, A., 2022. Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health, and its eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in microbiology 13: 962619 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619 PMid:36060785 PMCid: PMC9428564
Sagbo, I.J. and Otang-Mbeng, W., 2021. Plants used for the traditional management of cancer in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa: A review of ethnobotanical surveys, ethnopharmacological studies and active phytochemicals. Molecules 26: 4639 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154639 PMid:34361790 PMCid:PMC8347031
Said, M., Isack, A.D. and Hassan, F.U., 2024. Biotechnological Advancements for Environmental Conservation in East Africa. Journal of Chemical. Environmental and Biological Engineering 8: 17- 24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20240801.13
Salau, A.K., Shehu, M.S. and Bakare-Odunola, M.T., 2024. Navigating the Challenges of Integrating African Herbal Medicines: A Path to Universal Acceptance: Herbal Medicines. Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 13: 1 - 474 https://doi.org/10.53704/fujnas.v13i1.474 https://doi.org/10.53704/fujnas.v13i1.474
Saliu, A.O., Komolafe, O.O., Bamidele, C.O. and Raimi, M.O., 2023. The value of biodiversity to sustainable development in Africa. In Sustainable utilization and conservation of Africa's biological resources and environment, 32: 269 - 294. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_10
Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Extier, T., Polanco-Martínez, J.M., Zorzi, C., Rodrigues, T. and Bahr, A., 2023. Moist and warm conditions in Eurasia during the last glacial of the Middle Pleistocene Transition. Nature Communications 14: 2700 - 2708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38337-4 PMid:37164947 PMCid:PMC10172347
Sharma, P.K. and Kumar, S., 2023. Soil Physical Environment and Plant Growth. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28057-3
Shirk, A.J., Jones, G.M., Yang, Z., Davis, R.J., Ganey, J.L., Gutiérrez, R.J., Healey, S.P., Hedwall, S.J., Hoagland, S.J., Maes, R., and Malcolm, K., 2023. Automated habitat monitoring systems linked to adaptive management: a new paradigm for species conservation in an era of rapid environmental change. Landscape Ecology 38: 7 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01457-1
Singh, H., Kumar, N. and Kumar, A., 2024. Enhancing resource use efficiency in crops through plant functional traits. In Plant Functional Traits for Improving Productivity, 97-117. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1510-7_6 PMCid:PMC11963189
Singh, P., Choudhary, K.K., Chaudhary, N., Gupta, S., Sahu, M., Tejaswini, B., and Sarkar, S., 2022. Salt stress resilience in plants is mediated through osmolyte accumulation and its crosstalk mechanism with phytohormones. Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 1006617 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1006617 PMid:36237504 PMCid: PMC9552866
Singh, P., Nayak, S.L., Sharkar, R., Sarkar, A., Dutta, S. and Paul, D., 2025. APPLICATION OF MODERN TECHNIQUES IN CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: A REVIEW. Plant Archives 25: 1947 - 1962. https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2025.v25.supplement-1.267
Singh, Y. and Baijnath, H., 2018. 876. AGAPANTHUS CAMPANULATUS: Amaryllidaceae-Agapanthoideae. Curtis's botanical magazine 35: 106 - 124. https://doi.org/10.1111/curt.12231
Soleimanian, Y., Goli, S.A.H., Shirvani, A., Elmizadeh, A. and Marangoni, A.G., 2020. Wax‐based delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and food applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19: 2994 -3030. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12614 PMid:33337056
Sumankuuro, J., Baatiema, L., Crockett, J. and Young, J., 2022. Women's use of non-conventional herbal uterotonic in pregnancy and labour: evidence from birth attendants. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22: 600 - 605. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04934-2 PMid:35896986 PMCid:PMC9327204
Tegegne, G., Pretorius, J.C. and Swart, W.J., 2008. Antifungal properties of Agapanthus africanus L. extracts against plant pathogens. Crop Protection 27: 1052 -1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.12.007
Tettevi, E.J., Maina, M., Simpong, D.L., Osei-Atweneboana, M.Y. and Ocloo, A., 2022. A Review of African Medicinal Plants and Functional Foods for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease-related Phenotypes, Treatment of HSV-1 Infection and/or Improvement of Gut Microbiota. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine 27: 2515690X221114657 https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X221114657PMid:35866220 PMCid: PMC9310297
Trivedi, P., Batista, B.D., Bazany, K.E. and Singh, B.K., 2022. Plant-microbiome interactions under a changing world: responses, consequences, and perspectives. New Phytologist 234: 1951 - 1959. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18016 PMid:35118660
Wang, F., Liang, L., Yu, M., Wang, W., Badar, I.H., Bao, Y., Zhu, K., Li, Y., Shafi, S., Li, D. and Diao, Y., 2024. Advances in antitumor activity and mechanism of natural steroidal saponins: A review of advances, challenges, and prospects. Phytomedicine 128: 155432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155432 PMid:38518645
Wang, Y., Chen, S., Du, K., Liang, C., Wang, S., Boadi, E.O., Li, J., Pang, X., He, J. and Chang, Y.X., 2021. Traditional herbal medicine: Therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 279: 114368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114368 PMid:34197960
Xin, A., Fei, Y., Molnar, A. and Fry, S.C., 2021. Cutin: cutin-acid endo-transacylase (CCT), a cuticle-remodelling enzyme activity in the plant epidermis. Biochemical Journal 478: 777 - 798. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200835 PMid:33511979 PMCid:PMC7925011
Younis, N., Gomaa, A., Ibrahim, A. and Desouky, S., 2024. Pharmacognostical studies of the flower, leaf, root, and rhizome used for the identification and authentication of Agapanthus africanus (L.), cultivated in Egypt. Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7: 41 - 52. https://doi.org/10.21608/jabps.2023.232243.1197
Younis, N.A.M., Gomaa, A.A., Ibrahim, A.H., Abdelkader, M.S. and Desoukey, S.Y., 2022. The genus Agapanthus: A review of traditional uses, pharmacological and phytochemical attributes. South African Journal of Botany 150: 1168 -1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.09.029
Zink, R.M. and Klicka, L.B., 2022. The taxonomic basis of subspecies is listed as threatened and endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3: 971280 https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.971280
Zonneveld, B.J.M. and Duncan, G.D., 2003. Taxonomic implications of genome size and pollen colour and vitality for species of Agapanthus L'Heritier (Agapanthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 241: 115 - 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-003-0038-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr Sipho Goge, Dr. Karishma Singh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.