Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

PERSONAL CHALLENGES FACED BY FRONTLINE NURSE MANAGERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT KAWEMPE NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KAMPALA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Emily Likico — 2025-09-17

Background.

Since early 2020, healthcare systems have been challenged worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and multiple challenges, such as rapid spread and limited treatment options for a formerly unknown disease, the number of contagious patients, and the prolonged duration of the pandemic, posed a significant burden on healthcare systems. This study examined Personal challenges faced by frontline nurse managers during the COVID-19 pandemic at Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala District.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional study design and quantitative data collection method was used, 30 respondents were selected using convenience sampling procedure. Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using excel data base and the results were presented inform of figures and tables.

Results.

18 (60%) of the respondents were in the age range of 26 – 35 years, and 21 (70%) of the respondents were female. 25 (83.3%) of the respondents reported increased levels of stress, 21 (70%) reported increased anxiety and depression, 30 (100%) reported moral distress due to being unable to provide patients with the care they needed, 20 (66.7%) reported limited communication with patients, their families, and other health care professionals due to infection control measures, 18 (60%) reported failure to provide appropriate and adequate support to patients, 18 (60%) reported failure to make patient-centered decisions during provision of care and 30 (100%) reported burnout.

Conclusion.

Respondents reported various personal challenges faced by frontline Nurse managers during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as increased levels of stress, increased anxiety and depression, and moral distress due to being unable to provide patients with the care they needed.

Recommendations

There is a need to employ adequate numbers of staff to reduce workload and ensure that respondents can provide patient-centered care and effective service provision.

Utilization of postnatal care services among mothers aged 15-24 years at Kisenyi Health Centre IV, Kampala City- a cross-sectional study.

Esther Nantale — 2025-09-23

Background

Postnatal care (PNC) is a critical component of maternal and newborn health, particularly during the first six weeks after delivery when the risk of complications is highest. Despite its importance, the utilization of PNC services remains low among young mothers in Uganda. This study aimed to assess the utilization of postnatal care services and associated factors among mothers aged 15–24 years who attended Kisenyi Health Centre IV in Kampala City.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. A total of 42 mothers aged 15–24 years were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected on participants' background characteristics, knowledge, behaviors, and experiences with postnatal care services. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and results were presented in frequencies, percentages, and tables.

Results

The majority of respondents (52.4%) were aged 15–19 years, and 33.3% had attained secondary education. Most participants (66.7%) resided in urban areas, and 54.8% were unemployed. While 97.6% reported that PNC services were available at the facility, only 23.8% had a birth plan, and 31.0% rated their knowledge of PNC as poor. Health workers were the primary source of PNC information (50.0%), and 42.9% of respondents visited the clinic three times or more. Factors such as distance to the facility, perceived quality of care, provider attitudes, and affordability influenced utilization.

Conclusion

Despite the high availability of PNC services at Kisenyi HC IV, limited knowledge, lack of birth preparedness, and mixed perceptions of care quality still hindered their utilization by young mothers.

Recommendations

Health education during antenatal care, promoting respectful and youth-friendly services, should be enhanced. Increase community outreach to improve awareness and accessibility of PNC among adolescents and young mothers.

Hiv/aids treatment adherence among adolescents attending Mildmay Hospital, Uganda, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Elly Tabaaro — 2025-09-15

Background

Globally, over 39 million people were living with HIV in 2023, with adolescents accounting for a significant portion of new infections and deaths. In Uganda, the non-adherence rate to ART among adolescents is 48.7% attributed to stigma and medication side effects. The purpose of the study was to assess factors affecting adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment among adolescents attending Mildmay Hospital, Uganda, Wakiso District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, employing quantitative methods of data collection, conducted in Mildmay Hospital, Uganda, Wakiso District. The data collected was analysed manually, and after the findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results

out of 52 respondents, results showed that 100% of the respondents reported taking their medication daily, yet 73% experienced stigma, 77% had difficulty swallowing tablets, and 33% failed to return for refills. Socio-demographic data indicated that 36% were aged 19 years and above, 40% were in secondary school, and 58% were currently attending school. Regarding hospital-related factors, 52% reported unfair treatment by health workers, 58% lived over 10 km from the facility, 42% missed treatment due to stockouts, and 69% faced long waiting times. Drug-related factors included 46% having difficulties swallowing drugs, 43% experiencing side effects, 79% citing the long duration of treatment as a challenge, and 62% expressing doubts about medication effectiveness.

Conclusion

Adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment among adolescents was influenced by stigma, difficulty swallowing medication, long treatment duration, negative experiences with health workers, and long distances to health facilities.

Recommendation

Adolescent-friendly services, improved drug availability, supportive healthcare interactions, community sensitisation, and enhanced access to nearby treatment facilities are recommended to improve adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON PATIENTS AND HEALTH FACILITY CHALLENGES FACED BY FRONTLINE NURSE MANAGERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT KAWEMPE NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KAMPALA DISTRICT.

Emily Likico OPU — 2025-09-17

Background.

Healthcare workers' health, well-being, and safety are paramount to a functioning healthcare system and to ensuring patient safety. Consequently, it is necessary to mitigate risks on multiple levels. This study determined the challenges faced by frontline nurse managers during the COVID-19 pandemic at Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala District.

Methodology.

Results

20 (66.7%) of the respondents were Midwives, and 18 (60%) of the respondents had 5 years or more of experience. 21 (70%) reported poor health-seeking behavior of patients due to fear of COVID-19 infection from hospitals, 30 (100%) reported patients’ failure to adhere to recommendations, and 30 (100%) reported lack of appreciation from patients and community members. Facility-related challenges included; 30 (100%) of participants reported, increased exposure to highly contagious, life-threatening infections, 18 (60%) reported a lack of support, supervision, and monitoring, 30 (100%) reported a lack of resources such as oxygen, 30 (100%) reported lack of equipment such as beds to handle the number of patients and 25 (83.3%) reported excessive job demands as well as heavy workload.

Conclusion.

The established patients and health facility-related challenges included; poor health-seeking behavior of patients due to fear of covid 19 infection from hospitals, lack of appreciation from patients and community members, increased exposure to highly contagious, life-threatening infections, and lack of support, supervision, and monitoring.

Recommendations.

The administration of Kawempe National Referral Hospital should endeavor to provide all the required resources, such as beds, PPE, and equipment, to ensure the provision of high-quality, efficient services.

Assessing knowledge and awareness about syphilis among undergraduate students in the faculty of engineering at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT).

Sanelisiwe Portia Thwala — 2025-09-16

Background

Syphilis is a genital ulcerative condition caused by the bacterium called Treponema pallidum. It can cause multiple organ and system failure, which can lead to death if left untreated. The main risk factors of syphilis transmission are inconsistent condom use, having several sex partners, and sharing needles during injection of medication. Syphilis is emerging as a public health problem in sexually transmitted Infections, and research has shown a rise in infections among adults at KwaZulu-Natal universities.

Aim and Objective: This research aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of syphilis among undergraduate students in the Faculty of Engineering at MUT, and the objective was to evaluate the incidence of syphilis infection among male and female students in the Faculty.

Methodology

This study was conducted at MUT, targeting a population of 210 undergraduate students in the Faculty of Engineering. The data was collected by use of an online survey using Google Forms, and responses were imported to an Excel spreadsheet.

Research findings

The results showed 44% of the study participants had basic awareness of syphilis infection, 40% had advanced knowledge, and 16% had no understanding of syphilis. Females were shown to have higher levels of awareness and knowledge about syphilis infection (55% vs. 45% for males). 85% of the study participants had never been exposed to syphilis, 11% had been previously infected, and 4% had no known exposure.

Conclusion

Most MUT engineering undergraduate students know of the existence of syphilis infection; however, there is still a need to do more awareness campaigns.

Recommendations

Health Education Programs and Modules: Incorporating sexual health education, including information on syphilis and STIs, into academic curricula or general university modules makes health education programs compulsory.

School-related factors contributing to school dropout among adolescent girls aged 10-19 years in koboko town council, koboko district, uganda. A cross sectional study.

Emily Likico — 2025-09-17

Background:

In most of those societies, the average rural parent would rather invest in the education of the son rather than the daughter. The study aims to determine the school-related factors contributing to school dropout among adolescent girls aged 10-19 years in Koboko town council, Koboko district, Uganda.

Methodology

The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive, and quantitative data collection techniques were used; respondents were selected using cluster sampling. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and was presented in tables and transferred to Microsoft Excel 2016 for the presentation of graphs.

Results

96 (26.2%) of the girls were housewives, and 222 (61.8%) of the girls did not have children. Most, 96(75.2%), had had female teachers but dropped out of school. The majority, 72(56.7%), showed they had never received support, encouragement, and motivation from teachers, but dropped out of school. The majority, 108(58.4%), who had received corporal punishment at school, sometimes dropped out of school. The majority of 130(69.5%) Schools did not have all the required resources, and the girls dropped out of school. The majority, 82(43.9%), had a distance of more than 3 km and dropped out of school. 71(39.7%) had a distance of 2-3 km from school and remained in school, followed by 69 (38.5%) who had a distance of less than 1 km and remained in school.

Conclusion.

School -related factors contributing to school dropout among adolescent girls aged 10-19 years were motivation by teachers, punishments in schools, availability of resources, and distance of schools from homes.

Recommendations.

The Koboko local government, through the District Education Officer, should do regular support supervision of the schools. To ensure schools maintain the standards and girls remain at school.

Knowledge and practice of caregivers towards diarrhea management among children under five years in Buhweju district, southwestern Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Ariho Paddy Mukama — 2025-09-28

Introduction

Diarrhea remains the second leading cause of death among children under 5 globally. The study objectives were to assess caregivers’ knowledge on the management of diarrhea, examine caregivers’ practices on prevention of diarrhea among children under five years, and factors associated with caregivers’ management of diarrhea among children under five years.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional design employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches for data collection and analysis. Information was gathered from a sample of 196 caregivers of children under five years using a questionnaire and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Special Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), while thematic analysis was adopted for qualitative data.

Results:

Results indicate that caregivers knew the causes and symptoms of diarrhea among children under five years. Most of the mothers reported using herbs and buying tablets from the nearby clinics to control the situation after detecting diarrhea in their children. Results further found that gender among others [AOR = 2.569; (95% CI: 1.239 - 5.327); p = 0.011], age [AOR = 2.321; (95% CI: 0.129 - 4.797); p = 0.014], level of education [AOR = 1.919; (95% CI: 0.870 - 3.97); p = 0.002], occupation [AOR = 1.930; (95% CI: 0.887 -0.976); p = 0.003], income status [AOR = 0.676; (95% CI: 0.348 - 0.682); p = 0.011], attitude and perception [AOR = 1.221; (95% CI: 0.539 - 0.763); p = 0.032] were some of the factors associated with caregivers’ management of diarrhea among children under five years.

Conclusion:

Income status, religion, and levels of education affect caregivers in the management of diarrhea.

Recommendation:

There is a need to conduct community advocacy on ways of preventing diarrhea among children under five years in rural areas.

A cross-sectional study on the quality of care provided by lower health facilities in Kyegegwa district, Uganda.

Robert Mushabe — 2025-09-01

Maternal and neonatal health remains a pressing global concern, particularly in low-resource settings such as Kyegegwa District, Uganda. Despite ongoing improvements in healthcare infrastructure, gaps in service delivery at lower health facilities contribute to persistently high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the quality of maternal and neonatal care provided by lower health facilities in Kyegegwa District.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 respondents, including mothers attending antenatal, delivery, and postnatal services. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to determine associations between quality of care and influencing factors.

Results

Of the participants, 62.5% were aged between 20–29 years, 70% were married, and 55% had attained primary education as their highest level. Overall, only 25% of respondents rated the quality of maternal and neonatal care as excellent, 45% rated it as fair, and 30% rated it as poor. High-quality maternal and neonatal care was significantly associated with regular health facility visits (χ²=12.46, p<0.001). Other factors included the availability of skilled and friendly healthcare workers (78%), presence of essential medicines (65%), availability of proper equipment (52%), effective communication (60%), and timely coordination with referral hospitals (48%). However, challenges such as understaffing, drug stock-outs, and limited infrastructure undermined service delivery.

Conclusion

The quality of maternal and neonatal care in lower health facilities in Kyegegwa District is suboptimal, with the majority of mothers rating services as fair or poor. Regular health facility visits and the presence of skilled, well-equipped, and patient-centered healthcare workers were key determinants of high-quality care.

Recommendation

Government should strengthen maternal and neonatal healthcare by recruiting and retaining skilled health workers, improving drug and equipment supply, and enhancing referral systems. Additionally, healthcare workers should adopt a respectful, patient-centered approach to improve mothers’ experiences and outcomes.

Prevalence and associated factors of underweight among children aged 06-59 months living in the slum areas of Mbarara city, Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Emmanuel Ategeka — 2025-09-01

Background

Undernutrition among children aged 6-59 months remains a public health concern posing a major challenge in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2.2. Despite considerable efforts to quantify the burden of stunting and wasting, little attention has been paid to underweight. Moreover, children living in slum areas and poor households are significantly affected by underweight. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of underweight and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months living within the slum areas of Mbarara city.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study done within the slum areas of Mbarara city among children aged 6-59 months and their caregivers. Proportionate probability sampling and simple random sampling were used to select 532 households with potential participants within the slum areas. Interviews were done using a researcher-administered questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements of children were taken using a digital weighing scale. Data was analyzed using Stata version 17. Associated factors were determined using a modified Poisson regression model.

Results

The prevalence of underweight was 8.3%.

Child’s age 12-23 months (APR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.2-5.6) and multiple pregnancy (APR=2.7; 95% CI: 1.4-5) were independently associated with underweight. Children aged 12-23 months were 2.6 times more likely to be underweight than those aged 6-11 months. Additionally, children born to multiple pregnancies were 2.7 times more likely to be underweight than those from singleton pregnancies.

Conclusions

Underweight among children living within the slum areas of Mbarara city is still a public health problem, with about 1 in 10 children underweight. Child’s age 12-23 months and multiple pregnancy were the associated factors.

Recommendation

The study recommends health education for child caregivers on optimal child feeding practices, particularly for children aged 12-23 months and those born to multiple pregnancies.

Factors Associated with Utilisation of Post natal Care Services in Lwengo Sub- County, Lwengo District, Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study.

Constasio Nakityo — 2025-09-01

Introduction: Postnatal care is the support provided to mothers and their newborns from the time of birth up to six weeks afterward. This period is crucial because many mothers and babies die during these weeks. Despite being a vital part of mothers' and children's health, postnatal care (PNC) continues to be one of the most neglected aspects of reproductive health programs.

Objective: The main objective of the study was to examine the factors associated with utilization of post-natal care services from 2002 to 2025 in Lwengo sub-county, Lwengo District.

Methods: The study was conducted in Lwengo Sub–County. A total of 370 mothers participated in this research. Quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires with 250 mothers, while qualitative data were obtained via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 120 mothers and healthcare workers, using Simple Random Sampling. Quantitative data was analysed by logistic regression, and qualitative data by content from descriptions by participants.

Results: Mothers who did not know the PNC services they were supposed to receive after birth were 59% less likely to attend compared to mothers who know the services offered after delivery. Mothers who had no check-ups at a health facility while pregnant were 65% less likely to attend the PNC services compared to those who had check-ups during pregnancy.

The qualitative analysis of interviews reported the major obstacles to uptake for the PNC services by mothers from the key informant interviews included la ack of knowledge about PNC services, a lack of designated rooms purposely for postnatal services, behaviour of some midwives towards the mothers.

Conclusion: 57.6% of participants used PNC services. Key determinants included awareness of PNC, proximity to health facilities, and facility readiness.

Recommendations: Deploying more midwives, improving facility infrastructure, and enhancing community education on PNC by the Government of Uganda.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses towards the prevention of pressure ulcers among bedridden patients at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Jemimah Namusooko — 2025-09-01

Background

Pressure ulcers are localized injuries to the skin and underlying tissues primarily caused by prolonged pressure, shear, or friction. This aims to assess nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices to identify gaps and develop targeted interventions.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design that employed quantitative methods of data collection. This population included all Nurses at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital who provide medical care to patients. A sample of 30 Nurses was selected using a simple random sampling technique.

Results

20(67%) were females while 10(33%) were males. 12(40%) had a certificate as their highest level of education, 10(33%) were of diploma level, 8(27%) had a bachelor’s degree. 10(33%) mentioned that they identify a stage one pressure ulcer by redness on intact skin. 14 (47%) mentioned skin hygiene and barrier creams as the practice that helps them maintain skin integrity in bedridden patients. 14(47%) reported boosting immunity as the importance of hydration and protein in ulcer prevention. 12(40%) strongly believed that continuous education enhances their ability to prevent pressure ulcers effectively. 21(70%) rarely implemented repositioning schedules for bedridden patients. 12(40%) never performed a comprehensive skin inspection for bedridden patients. 22(73%) never used specialized pressure-relieving devices.

Conclusion

Nurses knew about the prevention of pressure ulcers, though with low attitudes and practices on target interventions.

Recommendation

Adopt evidence-based practices such as regular patient repositioning and comprehensive skin inspection. Increase efforts to educate caregivers on preventive measures to enhance continuity of care. Treat pressure ulcer prevention as an ethical responsibility and an integral part of nursing care.

Awareness and perceptions towards sickle cell disease screening among young adults (18–45 years) at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Ritah Kobugabe — 2025-09-01

Background

Sickle cell trait prevalence ranges between 13% and 20%. The study aims to assess the prevalence of awareness and perceptions about sickle cell disease screening among young adults (18–45 Years) at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences, Wakiso District.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design, which employed quantitative methods of data collection, was conducted in the Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences. In a duration of 6 days, 52 young adults (18–45 Years) were selected using Stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed manually, and findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results

Out of 52 respondents, less than half, 34.6% were aged 31–35 years, and 50% were formally employed. About awareness, (90.4%) had never been tested for sickle cell disease nor had a family member tested, (73.1%) were unsure whether SCD is treatable, and (55.8%) reported receiving information about SCD screening through radio and television. Concerning Perceptions, 67.3% were unsure whether SCD screening is important for young unmarried youth, (73.1%), with reasons for not going for SCD screening as the emotional impact of the results.

Conclusion

Very few had undergone testing, and uncertainty about the treatability of the condition was prevalent and under perception; emotional fears, uncertainty about the importance of screening for unmarried individuals, and reluctance to test even under guaranteed privacy were major barriers.

Recommendation

SCD screening should be incorporated into the routine

A cross-sectional study on the effect of physical disability on self-esteem among adolescents in Kabale municipality.

Nickolas Ndamira — 2025-09-02

Introduction

Physical disability significantly affects adolescents’ self-esteem, especially in low-resource settings. Globally, adolescents with disabilities experience social exclusion, stigma, and limited access to education and healthcare, negatively influencing their psychological well-being. This study examined the effect of physical disability on self-esteem among adolescents in Kabale Municipality. The objectives were to: (1) determine forms of physical disability, (2) assess levels of self-esteem, (3) evaluate the relationship between disability and self-esteem, and (4) establish the effect of disability on daily functioning.

Methods

A cross-sectional, quantitative design was employed, using standardized tools, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Barthel Index, to assess self-esteem and daily functioning. A total of 94 adolescents with physical disabilities, aged 13–18 years, were selected through a snowball sampling approach. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires translated into Rukiga and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics, including ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test, to examine associations between disability type and self-esteem.

Results

Amputations (45.7%) and paralysis (33%) were the most common disabilities. A majority (80.9%) of respondents exhibited low self-esteem, with mean scores differing by disability: monocular vision (12.45), paralysis (11.67), amputations (10.23), and congenital amputations (9.56). ANOVA confirmed a significant relationship between disability type and self-esteem (F = 4.76, p = 0.004). Post-hoc analysis indicated adolescents with monocular vision had significantly higher self-esteem compared to amputees (p = 0.012) and congenital amputees (p = 0.008). Daily functioning was severely limited, with 60.6% needing major assistance for mobility and 24.5% immobile, impairments strongly linked to lower self-esteem.

Conclusion

Physical disability negatively impacts self-esteem and daily functioning among adolescents in Kabale Municipality, with amputations and paralysis exerting the greatest effects.

Recommendations

Targeted psychosocial interventions, improved access to mobility aids, and inclusive education policies to enhance independence. Further research should investigate longitudinal outcomes and localized strategies for adolescent well-being.

Risk factors associated with recent and long-term HIV infections among newly identified HIV positive clients in Kyenjojo District, Western Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Mary Mugabekazi — 2025-09-01

Background

Despite the implementation of many preventative efforts, new HIV infections among the general population continue to occur in Uganda. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with recent & long-term HIV infections among newly identified HIV positive clients in Kyenjojo District, Western Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional study employing a quantitative approach. The collected data were analyzed using STATA. Data was presented in the form of text, tables, and graphs. Logistic regression was used to test for association, while an odds ratio was used as the measure of the association between the two variables, and data was presented in terms of text, tables, and pie-charts.

Results

A total of 211 respondents participated in the study; 91.9% of the participants were found to have long-term HIV infections. Recent HIV infection was significantly associated with being Christians (AOR = 15.01; 95% CI: 3.89–28.06; p = 0.005), earning less than 100,000 shillings per month (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI: 1.72–6.25; p= 0.020), perceived the waiting time at the health facility as long (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI: 1.12–6.82; p = 0.003), having the nearest health facility providing HIV/AIDS services (AOR = 13.96; 95% CI: 9.14–20.79; p = 0.002), and reporting that health workers were friendly and welcoming (AOR = 13.38; 95% CI: 4.13–41.90; p = 0.006).

Conclusion

Long-term HIV infection was in nine out of every ten participants, and recent HIV infection was associated with the facility providing HIV/AIDS services and the behaviors of the health workers.

Recommendation

The Ministry of Health, in collaboration with health facility administrators, should implement a comprehensive, multi-sectoral strategy to address recent HIV infections by targeting high-risk populations.

Comparative assessment of tobacco use patterns and determinants among urban slum and non-slum dwellers in Vijayawada city: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Mokalla.Venkateswara Rao — 2025-09-19

Background: Tobacco use remains a major public health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality, especially among urban slum populations where socio-economic disparities prevail. Understanding the determinants and patterns of tobacco consumption in diverse urban settings is critical for effective tobacco control strategies.

Objectives: To assess and compare the determinants and patterns of tobacco use among adult male slum and non-slum dwellers of Vijayawada city.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 2008 participants (1215 non-slum and 793 slum residents) in Vijayawada. A multistage random sampling technique was used. Data on socio-demographic profile, tobacco use habits, and influencing factors were collected through a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: The prevalence of ever tobacco users was 35.3%, with current tobacco use at 30.7%. Tobacco use was significantly higher among males (39.5%) than among females (21.5%) (p < 0.001). Slum residents exhibited a higher prevalence of current use (32.9%) compared to non-slum residents (29.3%). Smoking-only habits were predominant (58.5%), but dual use (15.7%) and smokeless tobacco use (26.0%) were notable among females. Illiteracy (50.2%), low socio-economic status (Class V, 44.5%), and occupation as labourers (58.8%) were strongly associated with higher tobacco use. Initiation of tobacco use before 20 years was common (59.2%). Social influence from family (63.2%) and peers (74.5%) was significant, though 85.9% of users were aware of health hazards.

Conclusion: Tobacco use patterns are deeply entrenched in socio-economic, educational, and cultural contexts, with slum dwellers and disadvantaged groups exhibiting higher prevalence. Early initiation and strong social influences underscore the need for targeted interventions.

Recommendations: Strengthen community-level education, enforce policy measures, and integrate tobacco cessation programs with socio-economic upliftment schemes for slum populations to reduce the tobacco burden.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional study.

Md.Faiyaz Alam — 2025-09-01

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals with T2DM are particularly prone to developing MetS due to overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. In India, the prevalence of MetS is rising in parallel to the diabetes epidemic, necessitating focused research at the regional levels.

Objective

To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in Bihar, India.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months in the Department of General Medicine at Katihar Medical College. A total of 100 T2DM patients aged ≥30 years were enrolled. MetS was diagnosed using the NCEP ATP III criteria. Data on demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were collected and analyzed using SPSS v25.

Results

The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 68%. Central obesity (72%), hypertension (66%), low HDL cholesterol (61%), and hypertriglyceridemia (59%) were the most commonly observed components. All participants had fasting glucose levels ≥100 mg/dL. MetS was more prevalent among females (77.7%) compared to males (60%), and was most common in the 51–60-year age group (75%). Statistically significant associations were found between female gender and central obesity (p=0.02), and between age and MetS prevalence (p=0.04).

Conclusion

A high burden of metabolic syndrome exists among T2DM patients in this region, with central obesity and hypertension being the predominant components. Early detection and management are essential to reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular complications.

Recommendations

Routine MetS screening should be integrated into diabetes care protocols, especially for high-risk groups.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus causing cellulitis among adult patients attending clinical services at Kiruddu Referral Hospital, Kampala. A cross-sectional study.

Jorome Nteziyaremye — 2025-09-01

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for most cases of cellulitis infections. Cellulitis is the most common bacterial infection on the skin surfaces in humans all over the world. The study aims to investigate the AST patterns of Staphylococcus aureus that cause cellulitis in adult patients.

Methods

A cross-sectional study analyzed 279 wound swabs from cellulitis patients at Kiruddu Referral Hospital, Kampala. Samples were cultured on Mannitol Salt, Blood, and MacConkey Agars. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by Gram stain, catalase, and coagulase tests; other isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) were confirmed biochemically. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion on Mueller-Hinton agar, interpreted per CLSI (2023) guidelines. Susceptibility frequencies were calculated with Microsoft Excel.

Results

Among 279 patients, 56.3% of the participants were female, and 31.5% were aged 36–45 years. 50.5% were married, and 30.5% had completed secondary education. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen (56.6%, n=158). Of these, 43.7% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Susceptibility to key antibiotics was: vancomycin (96.8%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (81.6%), clindamycin (73.4%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (64.6%). Streptococcus pyogenes showed high penicillin susceptibility (90.0%), while Gram-negative isolates exhibited significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

Conclusion

High MRSA prevalence and significant antibiotic resistance were found, necessitating routine susceptibility testing and strengthened stewardship to guide effective cellulitis treatment

Recommendation

The Ministry of Health should incorporate TB LAM Ag test strips into the national HIV/TB diagnostic guidelines, especially for patients with advanced immunosuppression.

Advancements in technology for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer: A narrative review.

Nidhi Vadhavekar — 2025-09-10

Gastric cancer is a major global health concern, ranking as the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of mortality, often detected at advanced stages. It's a multifactorial disease influenced by genetics, H. pylori infection, environmental factors, and diet, predominantly affecting older men. Approximately 90% are adenocarcinomas, characterized by specific molecular biomarkers. Diagnosis primarily relies on EGD with biopsy. Historically, treatment involved surgery and chemotherapy, but the field is rapidly evolving towards targeted and immunotherapies. Crucially, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system has emerged as a promising tool with the potential to precisely modify genes involved in gastric carcinogenesis, offering novel therapeutic avenues.

This narrative review highlights that gastric cancer remains a major global health challenge, driven by multifactorial risk factors including H. pylori infection, dietary habits, and genetic predispositions, often presenting with non-specific symptoms that lead to late diagnosis. While diagnostic tools have advanced from EGD to AI-assisted endoscopy, and TNM staging has been refined, molecular heterogeneity necessitates the integration of biomarkers for personalized approaches. Therapeutically, management has evolved significantly, encompassing perioperative chemotherapy and surgical techniques (from endoscopic resections to D2 lymphadenectomy), increasingly integrating targeted therapies (like HER2 inhibitors) and immunotherapies for advanced disease. Crucially, emerging CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology shows immense promise for future therapeutic interventions, aiming to address genetic drivers of carcinogenesis and further revolutionize patient outcomes.

Hence, gastric cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with its complex nature (risk factors, symptoms, and diagnosis) necessitating a continuous evolution in its management. Advancements in diagnostic tools, refined staging, and the integration of molecular insights are driving personalized treatments, while CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing holds transformative potential for future therapies.

Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria present in wastewater effluents discharged into Lake Victoria at Mukuuba landing site, Wakiso district, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Duluga Seldon — 2025-09-01

Background

Wastewater effluents discharged into Lake Victoria often contain pathogenic bacteria that threaten aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria present in wastewater effluents discharged into Lake Victoria at Mukuuba Landing Site, Wakiso District, Uganda.

Methodology

The study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional, laboratory-based design and quantitative methods. A total of 30 wastewater effluent samples, purposively selected, were described using standardized microbiological techniques. Microsoft Excel 2016 was used to analyze data.

Results

Citrobacter freundii was the most frequently isolated organism (75%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (64.29%). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli accounted for 17.86%, while Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.71%) and Proteus mirabilis (7.14%) were the least amount isolated. 70% of isolates were Gram-negative rods consistent with enterics from fecal contaminant (pink bacilli in histological image). The remaining 30% were Gram-positive cocci (purple clusters or chains), suggestive of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species, respectively.

Conclusion

Contamination of effluent water has the potential for serious public health risks, and there is a significant risk contribution from these bacteria in wastewater effluents.

Recommendation

There should be an ideal surveillance of environmental health programs at a national level, by the Ministry of Health, to put in place the appropriate action for public health in risk zones.

A 5 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL TRAUMA: A SINGLE CENTRE STUDY.

SAJAN SEHGAL — 2025-09-01

Background

Operative and non-operative approaches are the management options for renal trauma based on the clinical profile of the patient. This study evaluated the clinico-radiological profile of renal trauma patients (Grades I-V) and their management to determine the association of grade of renal trauma with length of hospital stay and type of treatment.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Urology, JSS Hospital, Mysuru, from January 2019 to January 2024 on patients with confirmed renal trauma on computed tomography.

Results

A total of 48 patients with renal trauma were included in this study. The mean age was 34 years, and the majority of the patients were males (83%). Blunt trauma was most frequently reported, and only 10% patients required surgical exploration. The distribution of patients according to grades of renal trauma was (27.1%) Grade 1;(14.6%) Grade II; (37.5 %), Grade III; (16.7 %) Grade IV; and (4.2 %) Grade V. Liver injury was the most common associated injury, followed by rib fractures and DJ stenting (12.5%) was the commonly performed surgical intervention. The mean length of hospital stay ranged from 04 to 60 days, positively correlated with the severity of grades. Microscopic hematuria was the most common presentation, with death occurring in only 3 patients of Grade V injury.

Conclusion

Conservative management is the preferred choice in the majority of renal trauma cases. This study has shown high renal preservation in low-grade (I-III) renal injuries, which were managed conservatively. However, surgical intervention in high-grade (IV, V) hemodynamically unstable patients was still a need.

Factors contributing to prolonged turnaround time among patients receiving health services at Henrob Hospital Zana, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study

Dismas Nowamani — 2025-09-01

Background

Variation in turnaround time has been evidenced in most healthcare facilities and becomes problematic if it exceeds thirty minutes. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors contributing to prolonged turnaround times among patients receiving health services at Henrob Hospital Zana in Wakiso District.

Methodology

The study design used was descriptive and cross-sectional. The study included both female and male patients receiving care at Henrob Hospital Zana. A sample size of 66 respondents was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, analyzed manually, and then automatically with the computer software Microsoft Excel 2013. The results were presented using tables, charts, and graphs.

Results

66 respondents participated in this study, 47.0% were above 30 years of age, and 15% were single. Among individual-related factors, only 12.2% of patients who reported early were attended to urgently. In terms of healthcare-related factors, 30.3% of the respondents were new patients, while 59.1% were referral cases from other health facilities. Additionally, long turnaround times were most commonly associated with day duty, during which 54.5% of patients experienced prolonged waiting.

Conclusion

A smaller number of health workers, the economic status of patients, and the high number of patients attending the Henrob hospital Zana were among the factors that contributed to the turnaround time in the reception of health services at the hospital.

Recommendation

The Ministry of Health and hospital administration should advocate for the deployment of more health workers, close supervision of health workers, and the supply of equipment such as computers to reduce the time spent attending to patients.

Beyond Physical Access: Coping Strategies of Students with Disabilities in Navigating Higher Education – A Qualitative Case Study.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-18

Background
Students with disabilities face a wide range of challenges in accessing and succeeding in higher education, beyond just physical accessibility. These include socio-emotional barriers, limited institutional support, and systemic exclusion. In resource-constrained universities, these challenges are often amplified due to infrastructural and policy limitations. This study explores the coping mechanisms employed by students with disabilities as they navigate such higher education spaces.

Methods
This qualitative case study was conducted at a South African public university between January 2023 and March 2025. A purposive sample of 20 students with various physical, visual, and hearing disabilities participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis approach was used to identify key coping strategies and barriers.

Results
Findings revealed that students with disabilities employed a combination of personal resilience, peer support networks, assistive technologies, and informal arrangements with lecturers to cope. Key themes included "adaptive self-reliance," "strategic social integration," and "navigating institutional silence." While some reported supportive academic staff, others experienced marginalization due to poor disability inclusion policies. Emotional exhaustion and the need for constant self-advocacy were also highlighted as significant stressors.

Conclusion
The study concludes that while students with disabilities demonstrate remarkable agency, their coping strategies often compensate for institutional failures rather than reflecting inclusive education. There is an urgent need for systemic reform in university disability support systems.

Recommendations
Higher education institutions should adopt a holistic inclusion model that goes beyond infrastructural access to include emotional, academic, and policy-level support. This includes disability training for staff, establishment of peer-mentoring programs, and investment in adaptive technologies. Institutional policies must be co-designed with students with disabilities to ensure relevance and effectiveness.

Uncivil academics: A qualitative case study on the impact of collegial breakdown on team teaching and student engagement.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-22

Abstract
Collegiality among academic staff is a cornerstone of effective higher education delivery, particularly in team-teaching environments. However, breakdowns in collegial relationships, manifested through incivility, lack of communication, and mistrust, can negatively affect collaborative teaching strategies and diminish student engagement. This study examines the impact of deteriorating professional relationships among faculty members on team teaching and student experiences in a South African university context.

Methods
A qualitative case study design was employed at a South African university between February and April 2022. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. A purposive sample of 18 participants was selected: 12 academic staff involved in team-taught modules and 6 final-year undergraduate students enrolled in those modules. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s six-phase approach, was used to identify patterns in experiences related to collegiality, pedagogical collaboration, and classroom engagement.

Results
Of the 12 academic staff participants, 7 were male and 5 female, with an average of 11 years of teaching experience (range 6–18 years). The student group included 4 females and 2 males, with a mean age of 22 years. Findings revealed that 9 of 12 staff reported recurring tensions, poor communication, and unresolved conflicts that disrupted coordinated teaching efforts. These breakdowns led to inconsistencies in lecture content delivery, unclear role allocations, and a lack of mutual support. Students reported a decline in class coherence, conflicting feedback from instructors, and reduced interest in the learning material. Overall, collegial breakdown was found to contribute to fragmented teaching and lower student engagement levels.

Conclusion
Collegial breakdowns undermine the integrity and effectiveness of team teaching, leading to disjointed course delivery and student dissatisfaction.

Recommendation
Institutions should establish conflict resolution platforms, enforce codes of collegial conduct, and provide professional development workshops on teamwork and academic civility to foster sustainable collaboration.

Beyond teaching: understanding the emotional and administrative burden of university academics -A qualitative case study.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-17

Background
While teaching and research are recognised as the core responsibilities of academic staff, increasing attention is being paid to the hidden demands of university work, specifically emotional labour, administrative duties, and invisible workloads such as student care, departmental service, and institutional compliance. These under-acknowledged responsibilities significantly affect academic productivity, well-being, and institutional engagement. This study investigates how academic staff at a South African university experience and manage these demands, and how they influence teaching, research output, and personal health.

Methods
A qualitative case study was conducted at a South African public university from January to March 2025. A purposive sample of 20 academic staff (12 women, 8 men) across five faculties, Humanities, Sciences, Engineering, Education, and Health Sciences, was selected. Data collection included 18 semi-structured interviews and 2 focus group discussions, focusing on emotional strain, administrative burden, institutional support, and job satisfaction. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis, with triangulation enhancing credibility.

Results
Most participants (85%) reported moderate to severe emotional strain, often linked to student mental health support and unstructured pastoral care roles. Administrative overload, including excessive meetings, compliance reporting, and bureaucratic tasks, was identified as a key barrier to research productivity. Female academics reported disproportionate emotional workload expectations. A perceived lack of institutional support contributed to burnout, with 60% of participants expressing intent to scale back research or exit academia prematurely.

Conclusion
Emotional and administrative labour are deeply embedded in academic life and significantly affect staff morale, identity, and sustainability. Recognising these demands is crucial to institutional well-being and academic success.

Recommendations
Universities should formally acknowledge hidden workloads in staff evaluations and planning. Resilience training, digital streamlining, and wellness support systems must be prioritized. Future research should examine long-term effects on staff retention and academic quality.

"…instead of spending two hours in books, I’m discussing with my guy…": Students’ perspectives on their academic performance in a Ugandan nursing school.

Ivan Lyagoba — 2025-09-18

Background

Nurses and midwives constitute 50% of the global health workforce, yet critical shortages, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, limit healthcare delivery. Uganda reports one of the lowest staffing levels globally, with rural districts like Pallisa severely affected. While several educational enablers and barriers have been documented elsewhere, limited evidence exists locally. This study aimed to explore nursing and midwifery students’ perceptions of factors influencing their academic performance in Pallisa.

Methods

This was a qualitative, explorative study that employed focus group discussions (FGDs) with 28 certificate-level nursing and midwifery students at AAMSNM, stratified by year of study. Four FGDs were conducted, and data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide. Audio recordings were transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify institutional, teacher-related, and student-related factors influencing academic performance.

Results

Students identified a range of barriers to academic performance, including limited access to skills labs, power outages, strict institutional policies, and overlapping academic schedules. Teacher-related challenges such as fast-paced instruction, incomplete syllabus coverage, and lack of guidance were commonly reported. Personal factors like poor time management, exam-related stress, smartphone and romantic distractions, and inadequate preparation also emerged as critical issues. Positive contributors to academic success included peer group discussions, tutor engagement via WhatsApp, clinical exposure, and supportive administrative adjustments such as flexible exam policies and access to Wi-Fi.

Conclusion

Academic performance among nursing students is shaped by multifactorial challenges, many of which are modifiable. Addressing institutional constraints, enhancing teacher-student interaction, and promoting student-centered academic support systems can significantly improve student outcomes. Peer collaboration, structured exam preparation, and emotional support mechanisms are also vital in fostering success.

Recommendations

Academic institutions need to invest in mentorship, digital learning tools, and flexible academic structures to support students’ academic and emotional well-being.

From #feesmustfall to #futuresmustrise: The evolution of student activism and policy change at Mangosuthu University of Technology. A qualitative case study.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-23

Background
Student activism has been a pivotal force in shaping higher education in South Africa. At Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), the #FeesMustFall movement (2015–2017) spurred demands for free education, decolonized curricula, and institutional reform. While immediate outcomes of the protests are well documented, limited attention has been paid to the long-term evolution of activism into structured policy engagement during the emerging “FuturesMustRise” era.

Methods

This qualitative case study was conducted at MUT between January 2024 and April 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 former and current student leaders active from 2015 to 2025, and 5 university administrators involved in governance and transformation. In addition, 20 institutional documents, including protest memoranda, council minutes, policy revisions, and transformation reports, were analysed. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework was applied to ensure triangulation and depth.

Results

Findings revealed a post-2018 shift from protest to structured activism, with 80% of student leaders participating in governance structures such as the Transformation Committee and SRC Policy Forums. Administrators (60%) acknowledged activism’s influence on reforms in financial aid and student accommodation. However, only 27% of participants (both students and administrators) viewed curriculum decolonization efforts as meaningful, with the majority describing such initiatives as symbolic or superficial. A decline in sustained activism following partial victories was also noted, risking stagnation of deeper reforms.

Conclusion

Student activism at MUT has transitioned into formal governance engagement, resulting in incremental but meaningful policy change. Yet, challenges remain in achieving comprehensive transformation, particularly in decolonizing the curriculum.

Recommendations

MUT should institutionalize student advisory structures with decision-making authority, implement leadership development initiatives, and create transparent systems for tracking reforms. Above all, curriculum decolonization must be prioritized beyond symbolism to achieve long-term institutional change.

Climate-literate graduates: A cross-sectional study assessing the integration of climate change education across university disciplines.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-12

Background
The growing threat of climate change demands that higher education institutions equip students with the knowledge and skills to respond effectively. Yet, the extent and manner in which climate change education (CCE) is integrated into university curricula, particularly in Global South contexts like South Africa, remains underexplored. This study examined the integration of CCE within South African universities, identifying patterns, challenges, and opportunities for improvement.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey design targeted academic staff and final-year students across five faculties (Science, Engineering, Humanities, Education, and Commerce) at three South African universities. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were thematically analysed to reveal curricular practices and perceived barriers.

Results
A total of 121 participants (12 academic staff and 109 final-year students) were included. CCE integration varied significantly across faculties. Science showed the highest inclusion of climate content (89%), followed by Engineering and Education. Commerce and Humanities reported limited engagement (33% and 29%). Most climate content appeared in elective rather than core modules. Interviews highlighted key barriers: limited institutional support, inadequate staff training, and weak interdisciplinary collaboration. Students expressed a strong demand for practical, action-oriented climate education across all disciplines.

Conclusion
CCE remains uneven and fragmented within South African universities, with structural, institutional, and pedagogical challenges impeding broader integration. This inconsistency risks undermining graduates’ ability to address climate-related challenges in diverse professional contexts.

Recommendation
Universities should establish institution-wide climate literacy frameworks embedding CCE across faculties. Interdisciplinary curriculum development, staff capacity-building, and collaboration with industry and civil society are essential to produce climate-literate graduates capable of advancing

Barriers to entrepreneurial development in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study of student perspectives.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-11

Background
Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a pathway to youth empowerment and economic development in South Africa. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges play a pivotal role in equipping students with practical skills for self-employment. However, despite national policy support, entrepreneurial development within TVET colleges remains constrained. This study investigates the barriers hindering entrepreneurial growth from the perspective of enrolled students, with a focus on identifying institutional, structural, and contextual challenges.

Methods
A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted across four public TVET colleges in KwaZulu-Natal. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 120 final-year students enrolled in business and engineering programs. Qualitative insights were gathered through focus group discussions (n = 4) and semi-structured interviews with 12 student representatives and academic staff. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses.

Results
Key barriers identified include inadequate entrepreneurial training (reported by 72% of students), limited access to start-up funding (68%), lack of mentorship and incubation programs (61%), and insufficient exposure to real-world business environments. Institutional constraints such as outdated curricula and poorly resourced entrepreneurship units further compound the challenge. Qualitative findings highlighted students’ strong preference for experiential learning approaches, including internships, community-based enterprise projects, and simulation exercises, which they perceived as essential for bridging the gap between theory and practice.

Conclusion
The study highlights significant structural and pedagogical gaps within TVET institutions that hinder students' entrepreneurial readiness. While students demonstrate interest and potential for entrepreneurship, systemic limitations restrict the translation of skills into practice.

Recommendations
To strengthen entrepreneurial development in TVET colleges, curriculum reforms should prioritize experiential learning, partnerships with local businesses, and on-campus incubation centres. Additionally, policy frameworks must support funding access and mentorship networks tailored to student-led enterprises.

Post-COVID policy shifts in higher education: A mixed-methods cross-sectional case study on rhetoric vs. Reality in digital transformation efforts.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-17

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in higher education globally. In South Africa, universities swiftly adopted policies promoting inclusive, technology-driven teaching and learning. However, despite these policy shifts, a significant gap remains between institutional rhetoric and practical implementation. Digital inequality, insufficient staff training, and infrastructure limitations continue to hinder meaningful and sustainable transformation.

Methods
A mixed-methods cross-sectional case study was conducted across three South African universities. Quantitative data were collected through an online survey administered to 150 academic staff, with 132 valid responses analysed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations. Qualitative data were gathered through 12 in-depth interviews with policymakers, IT staff, and academic personnel. Thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative findings and triangulate them with survey data.

Results
Survey data revealed that 82% of institutions had adopted digital transformation policies, yet only 46% of staff reported receiving sufficient training to implement them effectively. Additionally, 61% identified student internet access as a persistent barrier. Respondents were 58% female and 42% male, with most being academic staff (64%). Interview insights from 18 participants across seven public universities highlighted a disconnect between top-down narratives of smooth digital adaptation and ground-level experiences of uncoordinated rollouts, infrastructure deficits, and resistance to change. Temporary innovations, such as hybrid classrooms and data subsidies, were inconsistently applied and lacked long-term support.

Conclusion
Post-COVID digital policies in South African higher education remain ambitious but fragmented. Despite progress, implementation continues to be undermined by systemic and operational challenges. True digital transformation requires more than policy declarations—it demands cohesive leadership, cultural change, and sustainable resource allocation.

Recommendations
Universities should invest in long-term digital infrastructure, ongoing staff development, and equitable student support. Institutional accountability mechanisms must be embedded to monitor implementation. A multi-stakeholder, collaborative approach is essential to bridging the gap between policy and practice in the digital age.

Leadership, conflict, and pedagogy: Examining the role of management in mitigating academic disagreements that affect learning – A qualitative case study design.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-11

Background
Conflict among academic staff is an inevitable part of university life, often arising from competing priorities, power dynamics, and differing pedagogical philosophies. When unresolved, such conflicts can negatively affect collaboration, morale, and ultimately the student learning experience. Leadership and departmental management play a crucial role in either exacerbating or resolving these tensions. This study explores how university leadership intervenes in academic disputes and assesses the impact of these conflicts on teaching and learning within a South African university department.

Methods
A qualitative case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 12 academic staff members and 3 faculty managers at a mid-sized South African university. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on their involvement in or exposure to departmental conflicts. Thematic analysis was conducted following Braun and Clarke’s framework to identify patterns related to leadership, conflict management, and pedagogical disruption.

Results
Three dominant themes emerged: (1) Leadership Silence and Avoidance, where managers failed to address conflicts early, allowing them to escalate; (2) Pedagogical Disruption, where conflicts led to breakdowns in team teaching and inconsistent student engagement; and (3) Restorative Leadership Practices, where inclusive dialogue, mediation, and clear role boundaries helped restore collaboration. Staff widely agreed that unresolved conflicts affected curriculum coherence, delayed marking, and confused students about academic expectations. Managers who engaged proactively in transparent conflict resolution were credited with improving departmental cohesion and restoring trust.

Conclusion
Leadership plays a decisive role in managing academic disagreements. Silence or inaction reinforces division, while proactive, inclusive leadership promotes a healthier departmental culture and supports student learning.

Recommendations
Universities should train academic managers in conflict resolution and implement early-intervention frameworks. Clear communication protocols, mediation practices, and regular reflection spaces should be institutionalized to foster an environment where disagreement does not compromise pedagogy.

Supervising in the digital shadows: language, technology, and emotional labor in postgraduate education: A qualitative case study.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-19

Background
Postgraduate supervision is a cornerstone of academic success; yet, it has become increasingly complex in the digital era. In multilingual and resource-constrained contexts such as South Africa, the intersection of language barriers, technological limitations, and emotional labour complicates supervisory relationships. These challenges often lead to miscommunication, psychological strain, and a decline in academic progress. This study explored the lived experiences of postgraduate students, supervisors, and programme coordinators in navigating digital supervision, focusing on identifying challenges and opportunities for improved practice.

Methods
This qualitative case study was conducted between January and March 2024 at two South African public universities. A purposive sample of 54 participants was selected, comprising 44 postgraduate students (28 master’s, 16 doctoral), 6 academic supervisors, and 4 programme coordinators. Data collection involved 18 semi-structured interviews and two virtual focus groups. Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis was applied, with triangulation across participant groups to enhance credibility.

Results
Participants included 20 males and 34 females, aged 25–52 years (mean = 36 years). Three key themes emerged. First, language barriers hindered effective feedback, as students with limited academic English proficiency struggled to express ideas clearly. Second, emotional labour was reported by both groups: supervisors experienced digital fatigue, while students reported isolation, anxiety, and frustration. Third, digital inequalities such as poor connectivity and low digital literacy exacerbated power imbalances, leaving students hesitant to engage fully with their supervisors.

Conclusion
Digital supervision, though flexible, intensifies existing challenges related to language, emotional well-being, and technology. Without adequate institutional support, both supervisors and students face heightened stress and reduced academic outcomes.

Recommendations
Institutions should provide structured writing support, digital supervision training, equitable infrastructure, and wellness systems to strengthen postgraduate supervision in online and hybrid environments.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HIV among university students: A comparative cross-sectional study of residents vs. off-campus students.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa — 2025-09-12

Background
HIV remains a major public health concern among young adults, particularly within higher education settings. University students’ living arrangements, whether residing on-campus or off-campus, can significantly influence their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to HIV prevention and care. This study aimed to compare HIV-related KAP between students living in university residences and those residing off-campus.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted at a South African university between October 2021 and January 2022. Using stratified random sampling, 400 undergraduate students were selected, comprising 200 on-campus and 200 off-campus residents. Data were collected using a structured, pre-validated KAP questionnaire covering HIV knowledge, attitudes, sexual behaviours, and access to services. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression.

Results
Participants had a mean age of 21.4 years (SD = 2.1); 52% were female and 48% male. On-campus students demonstrated significantly higher HIV knowledge scores (mean 78%) compared to off-campus students (mean 63%) (p < 0.01). Positive attitudes toward HIV prevention were reported by 85% of on-campus students, compared to 68% of off-campus students (p < 0.05). Risky sexual behaviours, including inconsistent condom use and multiple sexual partners, were more prevalent among off-campus students (42%) than those on campus (25%) (p < 0.01). Engagement with campus-based HIV education programs was notably lower among off-campus students (34%) versus on-campus students (76%) (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Living arrangements significantly influence HIV-related KAP among university students, with off-campus students at greater risk due to lower knowledge levels and limited program engagement.

Recommendation
Targeted HIV outreach for off-campus students, coupled with partnerships with community health organizations, is essential to ensure equitable access to prevention and care.

Assessment of medication adherence among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional study.

Santosh Kumar Das — 2025-09-06

Background

Medication adherence is a critical component in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), directly influencing glycemic control and the risk of complications. However, adherence remains suboptimal in many settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, such as India.

Objective

To assess the level of medication adherence among T2DM patients attending a tertiary care hospital in South Odisha and identify key socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with adherence.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from August to October 2023 at MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, involving 81 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had been on pharmacotherapy for at least six months. Data were collected using a structured case record form and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Patients scoring ≥6 on MMAS-8 were categorized as adherent, and those scoring <6 as non-adherent. Associations between adherence and various factors were analyzed using chi-square tests and odds ratios.

Results

Among 81 patients, 57 were male (70.4%) and 24 were female (29.6%), with a mean age of 51.07 ± 11.08 years. Overall, 29.6% were adherent while 70.4% were non-adherent. Significant associations with adherence were observed for younger age <60 years (OR 5.09; 95% CI 1.32–19.6; p=0.008), literacy (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.19–9.42; p=0.02), working lifestyle (OR 3.67; 95% CI 1.21–11.12; p=0.02), regular exercise (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.02–8.63; p=0.04), and simpler therapy (≤2 drugs) (OR 6.69; 95% CI 1.66–26.9; p=0.002). Gender and treatment duration showed no significant association.

Conclusion

Medication adherence among T2DM patients in this setting was alarmingly low. Key determinants included age, education, lifestyle, physical activity, and complexity of therapy.

Recommendation

Interventions focusing on health literacy, lifestyle counseling, and simplified pharmacotherapy are urgently needed to improve adherence and outcomes in diabetes care.

An observational cross-sectional study on the impact of polypharmacy on medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Gayathri Elango — 2025-09-28

Background:
Polypharmacy is increasingly prevalent among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) due to frequent comorbidities. While multiple medications may be clinically justified, their cumulative burden can impair adherence, ultimately affecting glycaemic control and long-term outcomes.

Objectives:

To evaluate the prevalence of polypharmacy and its impact on medication adherence in adult patients diagnosed with T2DM.

Methods:

This cross-sectional observational study included 100 patients with T2DM attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, including the number of medications prescribed. Polypharmacy was defined as the concurrent use of five or more medications. Medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between polypharmacy and adherence levels.

Results:

The majority of participants (54%) were aged 50–69 years, and 57% were male. Polypharmacy was observed in 64% of the study population. The MMAS-8 revealed that 41% of patients had low adherence, 38% moderate, and only 21% high adherence. The mean MMAS score was 5.2 ± 1.7. Patients without polypharmacy demonstrated significantly better adherence: 36.1% showed high adherence versus 12.5% among those with polypharmacy. Conversely, low adherence was more frequent among polypharmacy patients (51.6% vs 22.2%). The association between polypharmacy and poor adherence was statistically significant (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

This study highlights a high prevalence of polypharmacy among T2DM patients and a significant inverse relationship with medication adherence. These findings underscore the need for individualized treatment regimens and regular medication reviews to reduce pill burden and improve compliance.

Recommendations:

Routine medication audits and patient education are essential to minimize unnecessary polypharmacy and promote adherence in diabetic care.

Predictors of treatment outcomes in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in India (2015–2025): A systematic review.

Suvendu Kumar Panda — 2025-09-19

Background:

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major public health concern in India, with treatment outcomes often falling below global targets. Identifying predictors of treatment success or failure is critical for improving care and informing national strategies.

Objectives:

To systematically review and synthesize the evidence on predictors of treatment outcomes in MDR-TB patients in India between 2015 and 2025.

Materials and Methods:

Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) were searched from January 2015 to May 2025. Additional articles were identified through manual reference screening.

The review included observational studies on Indian patients receiving MDR-TB treatment under programmatic or hospital-based settings. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were categorized thematically into demographic, clinical, comorbidity, and treatment-related predictors.

Results:

Seven studies were included, with sample sizes ranging from 95 to over 2,000 patients. Common predictors of unfavorable outcomes included older age, male sex, undernutrition (low BMI/albumin), HIV co-infection, substance use (alcohol/smoking), poor adherence, and adverse drug reactions. Treatment success rates were generally below 50%.

Conclusions and Implications:

Multiple modifiable and non-modifiable factors contribute to poor MDR-TB outcomes in India. Addressing undernutrition, supporting adherence, and managing comorbidities like HIV and substance abuse can improve outcomes. These findings can inform targeted interventions under the National TB Elimination Programme.

Effectiveness and safety of add-on antidiabetic therapies to metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of south odisha population: A prospective observational cohort study.

Suvendu Kumar Panda — 2025-09-01

Background

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern in India, particularly in resource-limited regions like South Odisha. While metformin remains the first-line therapy, combination regimens are often required for sustained glycemic control. However, real-world comparative data on the effectiveness and safety of such add-on therapies remain limited.

Objective

To assess the effectiveness and safety of various oral antidiabetic add-on regimens to metformin in T2DM patients attending a tertiary care center in South Odisha.

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study followed 289 patients (of 323 enrolled) over 9 months at MKCG Medical College, Berhampur. Patients were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months for glycemic parameters, renal and lipid profiles, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22.0 with significance set at p<0.05.

Results

The mean age of participants was 48.8 ± 15.5 years; 51% were male. Most were overweight or obese (66.7%) and 61.6% lived in rural areas. All add-on regimens showed significant reductions in FPG, PPPG, and HbA1c compared to metformin monotherapy (p < 0.05). DPP-4 inhibitor–based regimens (teneligliptin/vildagliptin) produced the greatest improvements in glycemic and lipid parameters (↓ triglycerides, LDL, VLDL; ↑ HDL). Renal and electrolyte values remained stable across groups. ADRs were reported in 157 patients, with hypoglycemia (19.7%) being most frequent, mainly linked to glimepiride. HRQoL scores improved significantly across all add-on groups compared to metformin alone.

Conclusion

Combination therapies, especially those including DPP-4 inhibitors, offer superior glycemic and lipid control with acceptable safety and improved quality of life in South Odisha T2DM patients.

Recommendations

Clinicians should consider DPP-4 inhibitor-based combinations for optimal outcomes in T2DM management. Further multicentre, randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up and inclusion of newer agents are recommended to strengthen the evidence base.

“A Cross-sectional study of dyslipidemia among underweight, normal weight and overweight type 1 diabetic paediatric & adolescent patients coming to a tertiary care referral hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka”.

Santhosh Kumar — 2025-09-15

Introduction

The prevalence and impact of dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index (BMI) categories in T1DM patients remains a critical area of research. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of dyslipidemia among underweight, normal weight, and overweight pediatric and adolescent T1DM patients and explore the effect of BMI on the prevalence of dyslipidemia.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional observational study included 58 pediatric and adolescent patients diagnosed with T1DM. The patients were classified into three BMI categories: underweight, normal weight, and overweight. Data were analyzed to assess the association between BMI categories and the prevalence of dyslipidemia.

Results

Dyslipidemia was observed in 82.76% of the participants, with the majority being classified as overweight (68.75%). A smaller proportion had a normal BMI (27.08%), while 4.17% were underweight. No significant association was found between BMI categories and dyslipidemia (p = 0.4735). The study also noted that the mean age of participants was 10.19 ± 4.96 years.

Conclusion

The study highlights the high prevalence of dyslipidemia among pediatric and adolescent T1DM patients, particularly those who are overweight. While no significant association between BMI categories and dyslipidemia was found, these findings suggest the importance of monitoring lipid profiles in T1DM patients, especially those with higher BMI, to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular complications.

Recommendations

Given the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity among pediatric and adolescent T1DM patients, understanding the impact of BMI on dyslipidemia is of critical importance. Identifying BMI-related lipid abnormalities can facilitate early intervention strategies, including lifestyle modifications, dietary interventions, and tailored insulin regimens to mitigate cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, the findings of this study could contribute to the development of targeted screening guidelines for dyslipidemia in pediatric T1DM populations, optimizing long-term metabolic health outcomes.

Evaluation of hearing impairment in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admitted newborns using otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA): A prospective observational study”

Dr Aparna Aradhana — 2025-09-11

Background
Hearing impairment in neonates, particularly those admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), is a major cause of delayed speech, language, and cognitive development if not diagnosed and addressed early. The prevalence of hearing loss increases significantly among NICU-admitted infants due to risk factors such as prematurity, very low birth weight (VLBW), hyperbilirubinemia, sepsis, and ototoxic medication exposure.

Aim

To assess the incidence and risk factors of hearing impairment in NICU-admitted newborns using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA).

Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted in the NICU of Hitech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, from October 2022 to October 2024. One hundred NICU-admitted neonates underwent a three-stage auditory screening: OAE1 on Day 3, OAE2 at 6 weeks, and diagnostic BERA at 3 months. Demographic and clinical data were collected, including key risk factors.

Results

The incidence of REFER results was 16% on OAE1, 14% on OAE2, and 8% confirmed by BERA. A significant association was found between hearing loss and VLBW, hyperbilirubinemia ≥20 mg/dL, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, and ototoxic medication use. OAE2 showed strong concordance with BERA (p<0.001), supporting its reliability as a screening tool.

Conclusion

Sequential screening using OAE and BERA is effective in early detection of hearing impairment in NICU-admitted neonates. High-risk infants, particularly those with VLBW, sepsis, or hyperbilirubinemia, require prioritized auditory evaluation. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential to ensure optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Integrating structured hearing screening into NICU protocols is strongly recommended.

Recommendations

This study recommends routine OAE screening with confirmatory BERA for all NICU-admitted newborns, structured follow-up for high-risk infants, and integration of universal screening with counseling, staff training, and early rehabilitation into neonatal care.

Prevalence of anemia and its relation to outcome among children aged 1 month – 5 years hospitalized for pneumonia at a tertiary care hospital: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Tirumani Himabindu — 2025-09-01

Background: Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years, particularly in low-resource settings. Anemia, a common comorbidity, exacerbates the severity and outcomes of pneumonia. Understanding the interplay between anemia and pneumonia-related outcomes is crucial for improving clinical management strategies.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of anemia in children hospitalized with pneumonia and to assess its correlation with clinical severity, need for advanced respiratory support, blood transfusion, and outcomes.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 children aged 1 month to 5 years admitted with pneumonia at a tertiary care center. Clinical manifestations, hemoglobin levels, oxygen therapy requirements, need for blood transfusion, and outcomes were recorded. Anemia was classified based on WHO criteria. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Pearson correlation tests with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Overall, anemia was observed in 68% of participants, with mild (40%), moderate (19.5%), and severe anemia (8.5%). Anemia was observed in 68% of participants, with mild (40%), moderate (19.5%), and severe anemia (8.5%). The need for advanced respiratory support increased with anemia severity; 39.1% of severely anemic children required mechanical ventilation (p<0.001). Blood transfusions were necessary in 30% of children with moderate anemia and 70% with severe anemia. Mortality was significantly higher among severely anemic children (50%) compared to non-anemic counterparts (14.3%) (p<0.001). Overall, 93% of children were discharged, while 7% succumbed to pneumonia, predominantly in the under-three age group.

Conclusion: Anemia significantly worsens clinical outcomes in pediatric pneumonia, increasing the need for intensive oxygen therapy, transfusions, and raising the risk of mortality. Early detection and aggressive management of anemia are pivotal to improving survival in pediatric pneumonia cases.

Recommendations: Routine anemia screening and prompt correction should be integrated into pediatric pneumonia management protocols to reduce respiratory complications and improve survival in resource-limited settings.

Determinants of low birth weight among newborns: maternal and health-related factors at China Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru. A cross-sectional study.

Priscillar Mukopuuli K — 2025-09-01

Background:

In Uganda, the prevalence of LBW is estimated at 33.5% suggesting that approximately 4 in 10 infants are born with a low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to assess the determinants of low birth weight among newborns, focusing on maternal and health-related factors at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru, Kampala District.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative method was used. In three days, 32 mothers were sampled using a simple random sampling technique and a structured questionnaire. The data were then analyzed using the Office (2010) programs and presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results:

Out of the 32 respondents, nearly half (46.9%) were aged 20 to 34 years, and more than half (56.3%) had attained secondary school education. Concerning maternal-related factors, the majority (71.9%) visited antenatal care fewer than four times, and (62.5%) used drug substances during pregnancy. More than half (56.3%) found care to be a bit expensive at the health facilities, (62.5%) said the facility was very far and tiresome to reach, and most (71.9%) started ANC between 4 and 6 months. Additionally, more than half (56.3%) of participants reported that health workers were sometimes kind.

Conclusion:

Several maternal factors, including experience of illnesses during pregnancy, inadequate ANC attendance, substance use, and prolonged standing while pregnant, were associated with the occurrence of low birth weight.

Recommendation:

There is a need to strengthen community sensitization and health education campaigns on the importance of early and regular antenatal care, proper nutrition, and family planning to prevent unplanned pregnancies and reduce maternal complications associated with low birth weight.

Re-admission of preterm babies below one year at the Paediatric ward at Wyne Stone Medical Centre, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

Annet Murungi — 2025-09-01

Background.

In Uganda, the readmission rate for preterm infants is 69.4% indicating that 7 out of 10 preterm infants are readmitted. The purpose of the study was to determine factors associated with re-admission of preterm babies below one year at the Pediatric Ward, Wyne Stone Medical Center, Wakiso District.

Methods.

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used to collect data within four days involving 40 mothers who were selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and involved closed-ended questions. Data collected was analyzed manually after findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel (2013) version, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results.

(42.5%) were between 18 and 25 years, and (65%) had attained secondary education. On mother-related factors, more than half (52.5%) were not knowledgeable about neonatal care, the majority (67.5%) did not exclusively breastfeed their babies after discharge, and 62.5%) leave was not enough. In line with health facility-related factors, the majority (60%) waited for long, and the vast majority (85%) rated health costs as high. Regarding social-economic factors, an overwhelming (95%) had received advice from family members, most (90%) purchased prescribed drugs, and most (72.5%) relied on traditional methods due to healthcare costs.

Conclusion.

The majority of the participants were not knowledgeable about neonatal care; experienced stress, and a significant number did not exclusively breastfeed babies after discharge.

Recommendation.

The Ministry of Health should strengthen maternal health education programs, especially on neonatal care practices, by integrating structured neonatal care modules into antenatal and postnatal services.

Prevalence and factors associated with teenage pregnancy among pregnant mothers attending Rakai general hospital, Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Happy Tukirinawe — 2025-09-27

Background: The World Health Organization defines a teenage pregnancy as a pregnancy below the age of 20 years, and it is a major public health concern affecting more than 16 million girls and young women around the world. This study aimed at determining the Prevalence and Factors associated with Teenage Pregnancy among Mothers attending the Antenatal Care Clinic at Rakai General Hospital.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study where we included pregnant women attending ANC. Using a consecutive sampling method, 251 pregnant women were enrolled. Data was collected using structured pre-tested questionnaires and analyzed using STATA Version 15.1. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to show the association between the dependent and independent variables, considering P < 0.05 as the level of significance and the 95% confidence interval.

Results: The prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy was 55(21.91%). Mothers with no formal education were 5.8. times more likely to have teenage pregnancy with (aOR =5.8.0; 95% CI = [1.759-19.675]; P=0.004), girls in Peer groups were 3.1 times more likely to have pregnancy in their teenage age with (aOR =3.1; 95% CI = [1.946-12.633]; P=0.016), history of contraception use and age of marriage less than 18 years were also significantly associated with Teenage pregnancy amongst mothers attending Rakai General Hospital Antenatal Care Clinic with, (aOR =3.2; 95% CI = [1.731-13.326]; P=0.001); (aOR =3.9; 95% CI = [1.693-10.075]; P=0.013) respectively.

Conclusion: The overall prevalence of Teenage pregnancy is high compared to the global prevalence. Teenage Pregnancy was significantly associated with no formal education, peer groups, a history of contraception use, and an age of marriage of less than 18 years.

Recommendations: Conduct a national study on the prevalence, strengthen laws against early marriage, keep girls in school, and sensitize them on teenage pregnancy risks.

Intimate partner violence, associated factors, and psycho-social support networks among pregnant women attending selected health facilities in Isingiro District, Ankole Sub-region, Uganda. A cross-sectional study

Edidah Tukamushaba — 2025-09-20

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a major public health concern with serious consequences for maternal and child health. This study assessed the prevalence, associated factors, and psychosocial support systems for pregnant women experiencing IPV in Isingiro District, Uganda.

Methods

A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed at Rwekubo and Kabuyanda Health Centre IVs, involving 371 participants selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Quantitative data were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires and analyzed with STATA 18, while qualitative data from in-depth interviews with IPV survivors were thematically analyzed using NVivo 15.

Results

The study enrolled pregnant women aged 20-46 and above, and a high IPV prevalence of 36.5%, higher at Rwekubo (39.2%) than Kabuyanda (32.6%) was found. Predictors included partner substance use (OR = 0.05, p < 0.001), unemployment (OR = 5.07, p = 0.001), and low income, while women earning above UGX 100,000 were less likely to experience IPV. Primary education increased IPV risk (OR = 2.80, p = 0.025). Cultural norms (OR = 27.49, p < 0.001) and limited service awareness (OR = 2.99, p = 0.020) were also significant. Though 56.6% of women reported access to legal protection, it was not statistically protective (OR = 0.72, p = 0.240). Qualitative findings highlighted normalization of marital sexual abuse, stigma, and weak enforcement of services, though peer networks provided emotional support.

Conclusion

This study provides critical insights into the high prevalence. It demonstrates that IPV in these settings is shaped by a combination of socioeconomic vulnerabilities, partner-related risk factors, especially substance abuse, and entrenched patriarchal norms that normalize violence, particularly sexual and emotional abuse within marriage.

Recommendation

The study recommends routine IPV screening during ANC, awareness creation, and survivor-centered interventions tailored to rural sociocultural contexts.

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge and Practices on Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness among Primigravida Women Attending Uasin Gishu Sub County Hospitals.

Philip Odongo — 2025-09-19

Background:

Birth preparedness refers to the actions taken by pregnant women and their families to ensure a safe childbirth and prepare for potential emergencies. The goal is to reduce global maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. In Kenya, the maternal mortality ratio is 362 per 100,000. Many pregnant women, including primigravidae, lack knowledge about birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR).

Objectives:

This study aimed to determine knowledge and practices regarding BP/CR among primigravida women attending Uasin Gishu sub-county hospitals. Specific objectives included assessing knowledge and practices of BP/CR and identifying factors associated with BP/CR among primigravidae.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted. The target population consisted of primigravida women aged 15-49 years who attended antenatal clinics in Uasin Gishu. A sample of 264 women was selected using systematic sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to assess associations between variables at a 95% confidence interval.

Results:

Notably, 72.7% had not received BP/CR information from midwives. However, 70.8% knew labor could start before the due date, and 66.3% were aware of the potential need for blood transfusion. Preparations included saving for transport (73.5%), identifying delivery locations (76.1%), and birth companions (71.6%). Factors such as age, level of education, income, and trimester values were statistically significant, showing an effect on the BPCR.

Conclusion:

Gaps in preconception clinic attendance and BP/CR information from midwives were noted. Nevertheless, awareness of EDD and preparation for emergencies were high. Statistical analyses highlighted the need for targeted education for younger primigravidae.

Recommendations:

Enhance BP/CR education during antenatal visits, promote preconception clinics, increase antenatal visit attendance, facilitate access to blood donors, and ensure financial and transportation support for low-income women

Pioneering early diagnosis and management in ectopic pregnancy: A cross-sectional study to enhance maternal safety and clinical outcomes in a tertiary care setting.

Dr. Gangadhar Rama — 2025-09-01

Background:
Ectopic pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester, requiring early diagnosis and prompt management to protect maternal health. This study evaluated the clinical spectrum, risk factors, implantation site, and management strategies in ectopic pregnancies.

Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram, from November 2023 to November 2024. A total of 38 women diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were enrolled. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, risk factors, ectopic site, and management modalities were collected. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results:

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was found to be 2%. The majority of women were below 26 years of age (65.7%) and multiparous (55.2%). Pelvic infections (31.5%) emerged as the predominant risk factor, followed by previous miscarriage (18.42%) and pelvic surgeries (15.7%). The most common clinical presentation was a combination of bleeding per vaginum and lower abdominal pain (50%). The ampulla of the fallopian tube was the site of implantation in 73.68% of cases. Surgical management was the mainstay in 84.2% of cases, predominantly through salpingectomy. Methotrexate was utilized in 2.6% of cases. Intraoperative findings revealed ruptured ectopic pregnancies in 76.3% of cases, necessitating blood transfusion in 31.5% of women.

Conclusion:

Ectopic pregnancy continues to pose significant clinical challenges, particularly when diagnosed late in the course of the disease. Early identification of high-risk women through vigilant assessment of risk factors, combined with rapid diagnostic protocols like transvaginal ultrasound and serum β-hCG levels, can markedly improve maternal outcomes. Surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of treatment in hemodynamically unstable cases, while select stable patients may benefit from medical therapy.

Recommendations:

Public health initiatives should prioritize infection prevention, enhance access to early antenatal care, and strengthen primary healthcare providers’ skills in detecting early ectopic pregnancy.

Contraceptive use and associated factors among female adolescents living in Katwe – Butego Division, Masaka District, Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Edward Nabimanya — 2025-09-27

Background

The study aims to assess the factors associated with contraceptive use among adolescents in Masaka district.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. The study targeted 6,338 female adolescents aged 15–24 years. Using proportionate sampling, 90 adolescents were selected from Butego parish and 97 from Katwe parish. Data was analyzed using STATA version 17. Descriptive statistics were used to determine contraceptive use prevalence, while binary logistic regression identified factors associated with use.

Findings

The results show that 51.9% of the respondents were from Katwe Parish, while 48.1% were from Butego Parish, and the majority were married (64.7%. Most respondents were aged between 15 and 19 years (72.7%), while a smaller proportion were aged between 10 and 14 years (27.3%). Of the 187 female adolescents, 62% were using contraceptives. The married female adolescents were 3.9 times more likely to use contraceptives than single adolescents (AOR = 3.987; 95% CI: 1.528–10.407; p = 0.005). Divorced or separated adolescents had lower odds of using contraceptives than their single counterparts(AOR = 0.018; 95% CI: 0.001–0.597; p = 0.024). Adolescents who had ever faced challenges in affording contraceptives had significantly higher odds of contraceptive use compared to those who had never faced such challenges (AOR = 51.130; 95% CI: 5.777–452.553; p = 0.000.

Conclusion

For every 10 adolescents, 6 are using contraceptives. Potential health risks associated with contraceptive methods, and whether adolescents had ever faced challenges in affording contraceptives, were key factors associated with contraceptive use among female adolescents. A low contraceptive uptake was higher among single adolescents.

Recommendation

Targeted outreach programs through communities, youth clubs, and social media should focus on educating and encouraging this group to seek reproductive health services.

Factors contributing to the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among youth in Nansana Town Council, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Emily Setuba — 2025-09-10

Background

In Uganda, STDs remain a pressing public health issue among the youth, with an estimated prevalence of 49% among youth. This study aimed to assess the factors contributing to the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among youths in Nansana Town Council, Wakiso District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing quantitative methods for data collection. Over 8 days, 72 youth were selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed manually, and after the findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, that was then presented in the form of tables, pie charts, and graphs.

Results

Out of the 72 participants sampled, more than half (52.8%) were aged between 24 and 29 years, and half (50%) had attained secondary level education. Individual factors, more than half (51.4%) had two sexual partners, more than half (54.2%) never used condoms during sexual activity, and nearly half (48.6%) engaged in sexual activity after alcohol use a few times. Concerning Health facility factors, more than half (59.7%) disagreed that health workers are always present, more than half (59.7%) strongly disagreed that recommended drugs were readily available, and most (66.7%) disagreed that health facilities are close to their homes. About social and cultural factors, half (50%) stated that their partners encouraged sexual behavior, and 77.8% indicated that talking about sex and STDs was considered taboo.

Conclusion

The prevalence of STDs was attributed to multiple sexual partners, occasional sex under the influence of alcohol, and low condom use.

Recommendation

There is a need to enhance public health education through continuous community sensitization campaigns on the importance of consistent condom use, STD testing, and the risks associated with multiple sexual partners and alcohol-influenced sexual activity.

Determinants to grand multi parity among women of reproductive age (35-45), at Entebbe regional referral hospital, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

Janet Biira — 2025-09-01

Background

The study aims to identify the individual and facility-related determinants of grand multiparity among women of reproductive age (35-45 years) attending Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital in Wakiso District.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used, targeting women of reproductive age (35-45 years) attending Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital. A total of 59 respondents were considered, and a simple random sampling technique was used.

Results

22(37%) were 39-42 years, 22(37%) had 3-4 children. 58(66%) said it was not easy for them to access family planning information in their location.

32(54%) said their spouses decide on the number of children to have in the family. 48(81%) agreed that gender preferences influenced their desire to have more children. 26(44%) were not informed of the health risk of grand multiparity. 39(51%) had ever experienced unintended pregnancies due to stockouts of contraceptives at the health facility.

24(40%) said insufficient or unclear guidance was given to them on family planning by health workers. 28(47%) were living more than 10 km from the nearest health facility.

Conclusion

Individually, financial status, limited access to family planning information, lack of decision-making autonomy, and inadequate knowledge about the health risks associated with multiple pregnancies were all key contributors to grand multiparity. Health facility-related determinants, stockouts of contraceptives, geographic barriers such as long distances to health facilities, and prolonged waiting times discouraged women from seeking reproductive health services, thereby contributing to continued high parity.

Recommendation

The Ministry of Health should ensure consistent availability of contraceptives in all health facilities to prevent unintended pregnancies and support family planning efforts. Health facility administrators should reduce waiting times and improve counseling services to enhance accessibility and effectiveness of reproductive health services.

Factors influencing adherence to iron and folic acid among primigravidae seeking antenatal care in Mbarara district, Southwestern Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Hector Ankunda — 2025-09-01

Background

This study aimed at determining the factors influencing adherence to iron and folic acid among primigravidae seeking antenatal care in Mbarara district, Southwestern Uganda.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study done within Mbarara district among primigravidae seeking antenatal care. Proportionate probability sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 172 primigravidae seeking antenatal care in Mbarara district. Interviews were done using a researcher-administered questionnaire with a quantitative approach. Data was entered in Excel, cleaned, and exported to Stata version 17 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with adherence to iron and folic acid supplements among primigravidae.

Results

The proportion of primigravidae attending antenatal care in Mbarara district whose adherence to iron and folic acid supplements was defined as taking at least 80% of the prescribed iron and folic acid supplements was 64.53% (95% CI 0.52 – 0.63).

Adherence was associated with age bracket 20-29 years (AOR=4.57, 95%CI: 2.05-11.13), having a reminder to take iron and folic acid supplements (AOR=2.81, 95% CI: 1.33-5.92) and being counselled on the importance of taking iron and folic acid supplements (AOR=4.45, 95% CI: 2.07-9.31).

Conclusions

The level of adherence to iron and folic acid supplements among primigravidae attending ANC in Mbarara district is relatively high (6 in every 10 primigravidae). Primigravidas who are less than 30 years old, with a reminder to take iron and folic acid supplements and counselling from health workers about the importance of iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy, are more likely to adhere to iron and folic acid supplements.

Recommendation

Intensive and daily counselling about the importance of iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy should be done by antenatal care providers, especially to primigravidae who are 30 years of age or older.

Factors influencing the occurrence of urinary tract infections in girls aged 14-19 years attending Wera seed secondary school, Wera sub county Amuria district. A cross-sectional study.

Hope Apenyo — 2025-09-01

Background

Urinary Tract Infections are more common in females due to their shorter urethra, which allows easier entry of bacteria into the urinary system. This study was to assess factors influencing the occurrence of urinary tract infections among girls aged 14 to 19 years attending Wera Seed Secondary School in Wera Sub-County, Amuria District.

Methods

A descriptive Cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used to obtain data from a sample size of 40 girls aged 14 to 19 years in a duration of four days, sampled using a simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used, the data collected was analyzed, and findings were entered into Microsoft Excel 2013, then presented in tables and pie-charts.

Results

Among the 40 participants sampled, more than half (57.5%) of the respondents were aged 14–15 years, and 62.5% lived in rural areas. On adolescent-related factors, most (77%) always delayed urination due to embarrassment, more than half (55%) used homemade hygiene products, nearly half (45%) wore tight clothes, and most (70%) reported that their parents were not involved in guiding them on proper hygiene practices. Concerning School-related factors, almost all (92.5%) delayed urination due to school rules or activities, and (73%) sometimes had access to clean and private toilets at school.

Conclusion

The study found that the majority of the girls frequently delayed urination due to embarrassment and used homemade hygiene products.

Recommendation

There is a need to deploy health workers to regularly sensitize students on proper hygiene and the dangers of reusing sanitary materials or delaying urination.

Patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective observational study.

Thatipamula Praful Kumar — 2025-09-28

Background:
Patient satisfaction is a key measure of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) success. Despite advances, up to 19% remain dissatisfied. This study assessed satisfaction, functional improvement, and influencing factors in an Indian cohort using the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grading.

Methods:

A retro-prospective observational study was conducted on 243 patients (301 knees) undergoing unilateral or bilateral primary TKA between September 2014 and November 2016 at a tertiary care hospital. Demographic data, comorbidities, diagnosis, and postoperative complications were recorded. Functional outcomes were assessed using pre- and postoperative OKS at ≥12 months follow-up. Satisfaction rates were documented using direct patient responses. Statistical analysis included chi-square and t-tests, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results:

Of 243 patients, 74.9% were female, and the mean age was 63.5 ± 7.50 years. Overall, 85.6% reported satisfaction with surgery. Satisfaction rates did not significantly differ by gender (p = 0.928) or age group (p = 0.216). Comorbidities influenced satisfaction: diabetes (76.3% vs. 88.6%, p = 0.033) and hypertension (80.7% vs. 91.7%, p = 0.026) were associated with lower satisfaction.

In KL grade III knees, mean preoperative OKS improved from 18.5 ± 1.78 to 35.6 ± 4.44, and in KL grade IV knees, from 14.5 ± 2.44 to 33.1 ± 6.07 (p < 0.001 for both). Satisfied KL grade IV knees showed a greater mean improvement in OKS (21.2 ± 2.75) compared to grade III (18.1 ± 2.22, p < 0.001), despite poorer baseline scores.

Conclusion:

High satisfaction rates were observed after TKA, with significant functional improvement across KL grades. Diabetes, hypertension, and lower preoperative OKS were associated with reduced satisfaction. Functional gain was greater in advanced KL grade osteoarthritis.

Recommendations:

Comorbidity optimization, patient education, and tailored postoperative rehabilitation should be prioritized to enhance satisfaction and functional outcomes after TKA.

Death on the operating table: A 10-year retrospective, observational descriptive case series study at Victoria Mxenge tertiary referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal.

Viven Govender — 2025-09-04

Background

Death on the operating table is a rare occurrence and remains under-researched in South Africa. Multiple factors may contribute to this outcome. This study aimed to identify whether the Shock Index (SI) and ASOS (African Surgical Outcomes Study) risk calculator correlates with intraoperative mortality and explored additional contributing factors.

Methods

A ten-year retrospective case series (2013-2022) was conducted at Victoria Mxenge Hospital. This study included adult patients (Age>18years) who died on the operating table after anaesthetic induction for non-obstetric cases. Of 66920 theatre cases, 57 met our inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics, including means, interquartile ranges (IQR), and percentages, were used for analysis.

Result

SI data were available for 35 patients; 63% had an SI >1, and 91% of these cases were emergencies. Among patients with ASA 5 status (n=18), 16 (89%) had an SI >1. Of those with ASA 4 (n=11), 6 (55%) also had elevated Shock Indices.
Emergency surgery accounted for 95% of all cases. Among patients with ASOS scores of 10–18 (n=8), 63% were emergencies; all patients with ASOS scores ≥19 (n=49) were emergencies. ASA 4 and 5 accounted for 53% and 37% of all deaths, respectively. Of the six cases classified as ASA 2 or 3, five had ASOS scores of 10–18, and one had a score ≥19.
Hypovolemic shock was the most likely cause of death in 65% of cases, followed by septic shock (19%) and obstructive shock due to pulmonary embolism (9%).

Conclusion

The SI and ASOS risk calculators are useful tools; identifying high-risk surgical patients and guiding escalation of care. Elevated scores correlate with poorer outcomes.

Recommendation

The use of the Shock Index and ASOS risk calculator may facilitate earlier intervention and resource mobilisation, potentially reducing intraoperative mortality.

“Comparative impact of body mass index, waist circumference, and a body shape index on surgical difficulty in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A cross-sectional comparative study”

Hitesh Kumar — 2025-09-25

Background:
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the preferred minimally invasive treatment for symptomatic gallstones, but surgical difficulty can vary, sometimes causing complications or conversion to open surgery. Traditional obesity assessment using Body Mass Index shows inconsistent predictive value, whereas waist circumference (WC) and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) may more accurately reflect body fat distribution and associated surgical risk.

Aim:

To comparatively assess the impact of BODY MASS INDEX, WC, and ABSI on surgical difficulty during LC.

Methods:

A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted over 2 years in the Department of General Surgery, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. A total of 200 patients undergoing elective LC were enrolled. Preoperative anthropometric measurements (body mass index, WC, ABSI) were recorded. Intraoperative outcomes such as operative duration, complications, surgeon’s subjective difficulty scores, and conversion to open surgery were documented. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Binary Logistic Regression were applied. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

The majority of cases (61.5%) were classified as mild difficulty, 21.5% moderate, and 17% severe. WC was significantly associated with overall surgical difficulty (p=0.036) and physical stress experienced by the surgeon (p=0.014). Body mass index and ABSI did not show significant correlations with overall difficulty or specific surgical steps (all p > 0.05). Weight alone showed significant correlation with difficulty in approach to gallbladder (p=0.028), dissection of Calot’s triangle (p=0.029), and gallbladder removal/retrieval (p=0.042). Port insertion difficulty was not significantly associated with any parameter.

Conclusion:

WC was a more reliable predictor of surgical difficulty in LC compared to BODY MASS INDEX and ABSI. Weight also influenced the difficulty in specific steps.

Recommendations:

Preoperative assessment of WC should be incorporated into surgical planning for LC. Multicentric studies with larger cohorts are needed for validation.

Factors contributing to sepsis among adult patients in the surgical unit at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.

Mariam Nabbuga — 2025-09-01

Background

In Uganda, sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, particularly in surgical wards. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors contributing to sepsis among adult patients in the surgical unit at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru, Kampala District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used to obtain data. In four days, 44 adult patients were sampled by a simple random sampling technique using a structured questionnaire, and data were analyzed using Microsoft Office (2013) version, and the results were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results

out of 44 study respondents sampled, more than half (52.3%) were aged between 26 and 32 years, and 36.4% had attained secondary school education. Regarding the individual-related factors, more than half (59.1%) reported that post-surgical care was expensive, more than half (54.5%) had long-term illness, (40.9%) frequently used traditional medicine, and most (70.5%) rated their post-surgical nutrition as poor. Pertaining to health facility-related factors, a significant (86.4%) reported that necessary medicines and supplies for wound care were rarely available, and more than half (54.5%) found healthcare workers to be rude during follow-up visits.

Conclusion

Sepsis in adult patients was influenced by both personal factors and healthcare facility-related issues. Many adults faced challenges such as unaffordable post-surgical care and pre-existing chronic conditions, which hindered wound healing and heightened their risk of infections.

Recommendation

There is a need to establish subsidized post-operative care packages, especially for patients with chronic illnesses like diabetes and hypertension, to reduce the financial burden and improve recovery outcomes.

Implications of alcohol consumption on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: Perceptions of older people living with HIV in South-western Uganda.

Wamaani H — 2025-09-05

Background

Alcohol consumption is associated with reduced ART adherence, poor quality of life, and worse treatment outcomes among people living with HIV. Though ART adherence levels in the older population globally have been reported to be high, they may be affected by increased levels of alcohol consumption in this population in lower and middle-income countries. We explored the implications of alcohol consumption on adherence to antiretroviral therapy in older persons living with HIV in Southwestern Uganda.

Methods

An explanatory qualitative study design was employed among 38 purposively selected older persons living with HIV in 6 health facilities in Southwestern Uganda. A total of 6 focus group discussions were held and audio recorded at the selected Health Facilities. Data was transcribed, translated, coded, and categorized into themes. Thematic analysis was used to give meaning to the data collected.

Results

Participants' reports varied, with some finding alcohol beneficial in terms of providing nutrients, especially from the brands made locally. Others reported that alcohol increases sexual libido and relieves their stress. Many, however, reported that alcohol affects adherence to ART as it increases forgetfulness of the time specified for swallowing the drugs.

Conclusion

Older people perceived alcohol consumption as a hindrance to adherence. Negative perceptions, such as alcohol having nutrients or increasing sexual libido, present difficulties in reducing the consumption of alcohol, especially in older people living with HIV.

Recommendation

There is a need for the incorporation of counseling on the effects of alcohol in the care patients receive from HIV care facilities.

Prevalence and factors associated with suboptimal adherence to dolutegravir-based regimens among people living with HIV in a specialized clinic in Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Edith Namakula — 2025-09-22

Background: In Uganda, 54% of people living with HIV(PLHIV) on first-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) were taking dolutegravir-based regimens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with suboptimal adherence to dolutegravir-based regimens among PLHIV at a specialized clinic in Uganda.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a specialized HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda, from July to August 2022. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires and data abstraction tools from 366 consecutively sampled and consented PLHIV. Adherence was measured using a modified Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, which consisted of 9 questions. Qualitative data were collected using in-depth interviews among 13 purposively sampled, consented participants. Quantitative data were analysed using modified Poisson regression in STATA 14 to obtain factors associated with suboptimal adherence at the 5% level of significance. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis in Open Code version 4.03.

Results: The median age of participants was 44 (IQR: 35 to 52), while 64.8% (237/366) were female. The prevalence of suboptimal adherence to dolutegravir-based regimens was 49% (179/366; 95%Confidence Interval (CI): 44, 54). Alcohol consumption (adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR): 1.25; 95%CI: 1.012, 1.543), and unemployment (aPR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.002, 1.609) were associated with a higher likelihood of suboptimal adherence while the lack of social support (aPR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.619, 0.993), and talking to the doctor in case of a health problem (aPR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.307, 1.270) were protective against suboptimal adherence, to dolutegravir-based ART regimens. Barriers to dolutegravir adherence included unemployment, lack of social support, alcohol consumption, and inadequate counseling.

Conclusion: Suboptimal adherence to dolutegravir-based ART was high. Alcohol consumption, unemployment, lack of social support, and inadequate counselling influenced dolutegravir adherence.

Recommendations: Start-up projects to address unemployment should be implemented for PLHIV. Dolutegravir-related virological failure resulting from non-adherence in PLHIV should be investigated.

The utilization of contraceptives among HIV positive women aged 18–45 years attending the ART clinic at Buwama Health Center III, Mpigi district. A cross-sectional study.

Anick Nalubowa — 2025-09-25

Background

In Uganda, the contraceptive use rate (CPR) among HIV-positive women of reproductive age is estimated at 39%. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors influencing the utilization of contraceptives among HIV-positive women aged 18-45 years attending the ART clinic at Buwama Health Center III, Mpigi District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing quantitative methods of data collection was conducted in Buwama Health Center III. In a duration of 5 days, 52 HIV-positive women aged 18-45 years were selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed manually, and findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results

18(35%) were 34-41 years, 20(39%) were married, 16(31%), had attained a secondary level of education. In line with individual-related factors: the majority 65% feared health complications, over half 58% made independent decisions on contraceptive use, almost half 46% reported that stress or anxiety hindered usage, and 33% could not afford contraceptive costs. On health facility-related factors, 71% reported frequent stock-outs, the majority 61% noted long distances to the facility, 60% were concerned about lack of privacy, and 46% felt healthcare providers were judgmental.

Conclusion

While knowledge of modern contraceptives among HIV-positive women was high, individual fears, emotional stress, financial constraints, and health facility-related barriers like long distances and frequent stock-outs significantly hindered their consistent utilization.

Recommendation

It is recommended that health facilities strengthen contraceptive service delivery by addressing individual concerns, ensuring consistent availability, improving provider attitudes, and integrating services with HIV care to enhance utilization among HIV-positive women.

Determinants of electronic documentation of patient data among nurses at Dr. Batta General Military Hospital, Entebbe, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Jane Frank Nalubega — 2025-09-15

Background
The integration of Electronic Health Records into healthcare systems is vital for improving documentation accuracy, care coordination, and patient safety. However, the adoption of electronic documentation by nurses in Uganda remains low. This study aimed to assess the individual and health facility-related determinants influencing the use of electronic documentation among nurses at Dr. Batta General Military Hospital, Entebbe.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using structured self-administered questionnaires with a sample of 30 nurses selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables, bar graphs, and pie charts.

Results

The majority of respondents were aged 26–31 years (40.0%) and predominantly female (66.7%). Most nurses (83.3%) correctly understood the meaning of electronic documentation, and 60% had received prior training. However, key individual barriers included lack of skills or confidence (50.0%), fear of making mistakes (33.3%), and system complexity (33.3%) as the main reasons for non-use. On the health facility side, 56.7% of respondents reported insufficient electronic equipment, 63.3% indicated the absence of clear documentation guidelines, and 56.7% stated they lacked adequate support and supervision.

Conclusion

Electronic documentation among nurses is hindered by limited digital competence, resistance to change, inadequate refresher training, and negative perceptions. Institutional barriers such as poor infrastructure, weak leadership, and a lack of clear policies further exacerbate the challenge. Without addressing these barriers, the hospital risks continued inefficiencies in patient data management and care delivery.

Recommendations

The Ministry of Health should invest in targeted ICT and EHR training programs to boost nurses’ skills and confidence. Dr. Batta General Military Hospital must strengthen its technological infrastructure and provide consistent technical support. Hospital administration should simplify EHR systems and establish clear documentation policies to improve usability and compliance.

Clinical and electrophysiological profiles of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A cross-sectional study of 50 patients.

Rajalaxmi Satapathy — 2025-09-20

Background:

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, often presenting with sensory and motor deficits. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and electrophysiological profiles of patients with DPN and explore correlations between symptom severity and nerve conduction parameters.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Neurology Outpatient Department of a tertiary care centre of Eastern India. Fifty patients with type 2 diabetes and clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy were enrolled. The Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) was used for clinical grading. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves were performed.

Results:

Sensory symptoms were predominant (84%), with sensorimotor involvement in 16%. Patients with higher NDS scores showed significantly reduced sural SNAP and peroneal CMAP amplitudes. A strong inverse correlation was observed between NDS and sural SNAP amplitude (r = –0.68, p < 0.001) and peroneal conduction velocity (r = –0.55, p = 0.002). Sural nerve abnormalities were present in 90% of patients.

Conclusion:

Electrophysiological parameters, particularly sural SNAP amplitude, correlate strongly with clinical severity in DPN. Combined use of NDS and NCS enhances early detection and stratification of neuropathy severity.

Recommendations

Adopt Combined Screening Protocols: Integrate NDS scoring with targeted NCS, especially sural SNAP amplitude, as a routine diagnostic approach in diabetic clinics. This dual assessment can improve early detection and stratification of DPN severity.

Peculiar case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Case report

vatsala vats — 2025-09-10

Background

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure without any detectable intracranial mass or hydrocephalus. It typically presents in women of childbearing age and may manifest with symptoms like headache, visual disturbances, and papilledema. While the aetiology remains unknown, several systemic factors such as obesity, endocrine abnormalities, renal dysfunction, and hypertension have been associated with worsening of the clinical presentation and complexity in management.

Case presentation

A 36-year-old female with a known history of hypertension presented with persistent headache and visual complaints. On clinical examination, her blood pressure was markedly elevated at 220/110 mmHg. Laboratory evaluation showed deranged renal function with blood urea at 85 mg/dL and serum creatinine at 4.8 mg/dL. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral papilledema. Neuroimaging was promptly performed to rule out intracranial mass lesions or venous thrombosis, which confirmed the diagnosis of IIH.

Multidisciplinary input from nephrology, neurology, and ophthalmology was essential to manage the complex interplay between intracranial hypertension, hypertension, and renal compromise.

Conclusion

This case highlights an uncommon presentation of IIH in a patient with coexisting renal dysfunction and severe hypertension. While IIH is generally idiopathic, systemic factors can contribute significantly to its manifestation and prognosis. Renal dysfunction, in particular, not only complicates the use of first-line therapies like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors but also may be independently associated with altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and increased intracranial pressure.

Monitoring the technique of instillation of topical drops in the eye by the healthcare personnel in the Department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional study.

vatsala vats — 2025-09-09

Background
Correct instillation of eye drops is critical for achieving the desired therapeutic effects in ophthalmic care. The patient should also be informed about the technique for instilling drops in the eyes to achieve optimal results.

Aim: To assess the technique of instillation of topical drops by the healthcare personnel in the department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital

Method
This is a hospital-based, cross-sectional, observational study conducted over 6 months involving 180 healthcare personnel, including junior residents, medical interns, optometry interns, and nursing students. A self-structured checklist was used to assess the protocol followed while using eye drops, and the observation was recorded. The ophthalmic personnel were then taught to rectify the lacunae, and the assessment was repeated.

Results
Among 180 ophthalmic personnel observed, only 56 subjects adhered to the correct instillation technique at first assessment. This number improved to 141 after proper training. Among junior residents (n=15), correct technique improved from 9 at presentation to 15 post-training, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.02. MBBS interns (n=140) demonstrated a marked improvement from 38 to 106, yielding a highly significant p-value of 1.14 × 10⁻¹⁵. Optometrist interns (n=15) also showed significant improvement, with correct technique increasing from 6 students to 12 students (p=0.034). Although nursing staff (n=10) improved from 3 to 8 following training, the p-value of 0.059.

Conclusion

This study revealed the significance of monitoring the technique of instillation of drops among ophthalmic personnel. Proper audit and counselling help in inculcating the correct practice among healthcare personnel and patients.

Recommendations

This study highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and training of the healthcare team, ensuring strict adherence to standard guidelines for the instillation of topical eyedrops.

Profile of Primary Angle Closure Disease

Rajyeshwar singh — 2025-09-01

Background

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of visual morbidity after Cataract. The purpose of the study is to assess the demographic and clinical profile of Primary Angle Closure Disease (PACD) and to evaluate the risk factors associated.

Method

A prospective observational study including 97 eyes of 50 patients above 40 years, with PACD at a tertiary health care centre. Aphakia, Pseudophakia, previous ocular surgery, secondary glaucoma, and ocular pathology subjects were excluded. Detailed glaucoma workup, slit-lamp examination (VH Grading), Gonioscopy, ocular biometry (Axial Length, Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness) were recorded. All patients diagnosed with PACD were prospectively categorized into three subgroups, namely Primary Angle Closure suspect (PACS), Primary Angle Closure (PAC), and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG) using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) Classification.

Results

Out of 50 subjects, 52% were males, and 58% urban residents. Mean age was 60.14±11.81 years in PACD. Out of the total 97 eyes, 39.2% (38 eyes) had PACS subtype, 38.1% (37 eyes) had PAC, and 22.7% (22 eyes) had PACG subtype. The mean standard value of axial length was22.03±0.62mm in PACS, 22.46±0.42mm in PAC & 22.41±0.71mm in PACG. Anterior chamber depth was 2.36±0.21mm in PACS, 2.33±0.12mm in PAC & 2.22±0.7mm in PACG subgroup. Lens thickness was 4.52±0.74mm in PACS, 4.54±1.07mm in PAC & 4.61±1.05mm in PACG subgroup.

Conclusion

PACS was the most common subgroup. Shallow anterior chamber, increased lens thickness, lesser axial length, and advancing age were the risk factors in PACD.

Recommendations

The present study highlights that screening of subjects can detect PACD at early stages and thus prevent potential blindness.

Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Terminalia kaiserana F.Hoffm. (Combretaceae family).

Alfred Maroyi — 2025-09-11

Background

Terminalia kaiserana F.Hoffm. is a deciduous shrub or small tree widely used in traditional medicine in tropical Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the medicinal uses and ethnopharmacological properties of T. kaiserana.

Methods

A search for available information on the medicinal uses and ethnopharmacological properties of T. kaiserana was conducted by searching the scientific databases such as SpringerLink®, PubMed®, Scopus®, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO, as well as pre-electronic literature sources such as books, book chapters, and other publications obtained from the university library.

Results

Results from this research showed that the T. kaiserana is used as a diuretic and traditional medicine against HIV/AIDs opportunistic infections, skin diseases, backache, cardiac problems, headache, diuretic, vomiting, cough, bilharzia, diarrhoea, and gonorrhoea. The phytochemical assessment of T. kaiserana revealed that it contains castalagin, ellagic acid glycosides, ellagic acid rhamnoside, ellagitannin, gallic acid, gallotannins, punicalagin, punicalin, tannins, terchebulin, and terflavin-A. The crude extracts of T. kaiserana and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activities.

Conclusion

Results of this study contribute to the existing traditional ecological knowledge about ethnomedicinal applications and ethnopharmacological properties of T. kaiserana that could be useful in bio-prospecting for new health-promoting and pharmaceutical products.

Recommendations

Future research on T. kaiserana should focus on detailed phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations, as well as in vivo and clinical studies.

Alcohol use disorder and its associated factors among patients with psychiatric conditions admitted at Kabale regional referral hospital, Southwestern Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Benja Twinomuhwezi — 2025-09-25

Background

Alcohol use disorder has been a public health concern globally. Although research in this area has been conducted, most studies have been conducted in high-income countries, with less research in low-income countries. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and its associated factors among patients with psychiatric conditions admitted at Kabale regional referral hospital, Southwestern Uganda.

Methodology

The study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a quantitative approach that involved collecting quantitative data. The statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 25.

Results

Results from this study revealed that 150 (63.6%) were male and 86 (36.4%) were female, and most participants, 132 (55.9%), scored between 0 and 7, indicating low-risk or non-hazardous alcohol use. An additional 58 participants (24.6%) scored 8–15, placing them at increasing risk and suggesting a pattern of alcohol consumption that could lead to health problems. Twelve participants (5.1%) scored between 16 and 19, categorizing them as higher risk, which is typically associated with harmful drinking behaviors. Notably, 34 participants (14.4%) scored 20 or above, indicating a probable alcohol use disorder (AUD). The study further revealed that factors like being male (p < 0.001), being raised by a single parent (p = 0.031), and tertiary education (p = 0.022) were significantly associated with AUD. Other factors were not significantly associated.

Conclusion

The study concludes that 14.4% of mental patients had likely AUD, as determined by the AUDIT instrument.

Recommendation

Mental health facilities should regularly use validated and standardized tools like the AUDIT to screen for AUD. There is also a need for community sensitization programs by the government, focusing on the risks of early alcohol use initiation and its long-term mental health consequences.

‘It’s Not a Weakness’: Lived Experiences, Support Systems, and Emotional Wellbeing in Caesarean Birth among Postpartum Women in Nigeria.

Itoro T Michael — 2025-09-01

Background:

Caesarean section (CS) is an obstetric intervention for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Despite its benefits, CS in Nigeria is influenced by cultural beliefs, stigma, and emotional responses, with limited research exploring how these factors affect women’s experiences and mental well-being after surgery. This study examined the lived experiences of postpartum women who delivered by CS in selected Nigerian health facilities, focusing on emotional well-being and support systems.

Methods:

A qualitative phenomenological design was employed in four Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State. Data were collected through 11 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions involving 24 women aged 22–49 years who had undergone CS within the previous five years. Purposive sampling was used to ensure variation in age, education, and residence. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically with ATLAS.

Results:

Of the 24 participants, thirteen resided in urban areas while eleven resided in rural areas. Five major themes emerged: (1) Pathways to caesarean delivery, highlighting that decisions were largely driven by medical necessity and often involved joint decision-making with spouses; (2) Emotional responses and mental adjustment, ranging from fear and anxiety to calm acceptance influenced by clinical communication and faith; (3) Sociocultural interpretations and stigma, including narratives that associate CS with weakness or spiritual failure; (4) Support systems and recovery experiences, with strong spousal, family, and respectful healthcare support reported as central to recovery; and (5) Future preferences and advice to others, where many participants expressed willingness to undergo CS again, emphasizing the primacy of maternal and child safety.

Conclusions:

Caesarean birth is more than a clinical procedure; it is a deeply social and emotional experience.

Recommendation:

Supportive communication from healthcare professionals, family involvement, mental health and counselling, and efforts to dispel negative cultural myths around CS are essential to improving women’s psychosocial outcomes.

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB at Ngwelezana Hospital. A quantitative cross-sectional retrospective.

Nonduduzo Magubane — 2025-09-08

Introduction

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is TB resistant to critical anti-TB drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin, presents a major challenge to tuberculosis treatment, leading to significant public health concerns. The study objective is to evaluate the patterns of antibiotic drug resistance of MTB in patients taking treatment for TB and determine the demographic profile of patients in whom drug-resistant TB is the most prevalent.

Aim

This research aims to determine the prevalence of drug resistance in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis using retrospective data.

Methodology

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by analyzing retrospective data from the National Health Laboratory Services for patients diagnosed at Ngwelezana Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal. A sample of 695 participants was included in the study, with 267 (38.4%) males and 428 (61.6%) females. Among these participant’s demographic characteristics of patients tested for TB were evaluated, and an analysis was done to explore the rifampicin susceptibility.

Findings

The study correlation analysis revealed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between age and gender (ρ = 0.077, p = 0.022). Rifampicin resistance was detected in 5.3% of the tested participants, while 94.7% were found to be sensitive to the drug. The relatively low prevalence of rifampicin resistance is a positive finding, suggesting that first-line TB treatment with rifampicin remains largely effective in this population. However, the presence of any resistance is still a cause for concern, as rifampicin-resistant TB can lead to more complex and expensive treatment regimens, with higher morbidity and mortality rates.

Conclusion

The study's findings indicate the low prevalence of rifampicin resistance, but continuous monitoring is necessary to prevent the spread of resistant strains. Future research should include exploring track changes in rifampicin resistance over time and investigating potential contributors to its resistance.

The neurological and epigenetic basis of psychosomatic pain: A narrative review.

Nidhi Vadhavekar — 2025-09-01

Psychosomatic disorders, which were once dismissed as "all in the mind," are now understood through an integrated biopsychosocial models that bridge the gap between psychological stress and physiological dysfunction of the body. This narrative review synthesizes current research to unravel the mechanisms of underlying psychosomatic pain and its neurological implications. Epidemiological data highlight the widespread prevalence of these disorders globally, particularly in adolescents and high-risk adult populations, which are the ones with significant comorbidities like depression, anxiety, and chronic pain syndromes like fibromyalgia.

The core of this paradigm shift lies in the emergence and integration of epigenetics, which demonstrates how chronic stress and trauma can induce stable, long-term changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Specifically, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation of genes like FKBP5, NR3C1, and BDNF, are shown to dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, heighten inflammatory responses, and impair neuroplasticity, thereby embedding psychological distress into a physical, somatic reality.

Neurological investigations, particularly using functional neuroimaging, reveal that these disorders are not fabricated but are rooted in aberrant neural circuitry. Conditions like functional neurological disorder (FND) are characterized by disrupted connectivity between emotion-processing centers (e.g., the amygdala) and sensorimotor pathways, leading to involuntary physical symptoms. The clinical features of these disorders are multifaceted, marked by a heightened focus on bodily sensations, negative healthcare experiences, and significant functional impairment.

Evolving beyond traditional methods, psychosomatic disorder treatment is now integrative and personalized. New approaches combine CBT with novel therapies like non-invasive brain stimulation, neurofeedback, and pharmacogenomics.

Factors influencing the utilization of guidance and counseling services among health training students at Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery. A cross-sectional study.

Wariyyah Nakabbo — 2025-09-01

Background:

In Uganda, 41% of health training students do not access structured counseling services during their study period. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors influencing the utilization of Guidance and Counseling Services among health training students at Mildmay, Uganda.

Methods.

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, employing quantitative methods of data collection, conducted in Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery. In 6 days, 90 students were selected using simple Stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed manually, and after the findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results.

The majority (61%) were females, and 89% were single. 56% felt uncomfortable seeking them, 51% lacked peer support, and 56% were hindered by school work. Institutionally, 73% noted a shortage of counselors, 67% said the school did not actively promote counseling, 42% indicated inflexible counseling schedules, 46% acknowledged supportive leadership, and 100% stated that counseling was weakly integrated into academic programs.

Conclusion.

Despite high awareness of guidance and counseling services, their utilization among health training students was limited due to personal discomfort, lack of peer support, institutional constraints, and inadequate promotion and accessibility.

Recommendation.

The institution should strengthen the promotion, accessibility, and confidentiality of guidance and counseling services to enhance their utilization by students.

“We talk about it in private”. A cross-sectional study of cultural attitudes and health-seeking practices among perimenopausal University staff in Bayelsa, Nigeria.

Ukie Angaye — 2025-09-01

Background

Despite increasing recognition of women’s midlife health challenges, the intersection of cultural norms and healthcare access during perimenopause remains underexplored in Nigeria’s academic settings. This study explores how cultural attitudes shape health-seeking practices among perimenopausal university staff in Bayelsa, Nigeria.

Methods

Using a mixed-methods design, the study surveyed 313 academic and non-academic female staff aged 40–55 across two public universities. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, while qualitative data from in-depth interviews were thematically examined.

Results

Findings reveal that cultural norms significantly influence women’s willingness and ability to seek professional medical care during perimenopause. About 40.9% of respondents perceived cultural norms as moderately affecting their health-seeking behaviour, while 23.3% reported a significant influence. Chi-square analyses showed statistically significant associations between cultural perceptions, discussion openness, comfort with healthcare providers, and professional health-seeking patterns (p < 0.001). Qualitative narratives highlight both supportive and stigmatizing cultural contexts. Some women expressed comfort discussing menopause due to familial openness, while others cited stigma and fear of being perceived as old or weak as reasons for silence. Additionally, preferences for private healthcare stemmed from dissatisfaction with public hospital services, despite cost barriers.

Conclusions

The study emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive and gender-responsive healthcare services tailored to the needs of perimenopausal female professionals.

Recommendations

Health education programs should address stigma, negative cultural attitudes, poor health-seeking behaviour, and also foster open conversations about perimenopause, particularly within university institutions.

Socio-economic determinants and mortality patterns among children with spina bifida at Ruharo Mission Hospital, Western Uganda: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Arron Bram Ndyowaawe — 2025-09-19

Background

Spina Bifida (SB) is a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings like Uganda. While clinical management is crucial, the role of socioeconomic determinants on survival outcomes remains underexplored. This study investigates the association between socioeconomic factors and mortality patterns among children with SB in Western Uganda.

Methods

A retrospective study design with a mixed-methods approach was conducted, a review of 152 medical records of children with SB (2013–2023) with qualitative focus group discussions involving 20 caregivers and 15 health workers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Firth logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results

The study revealed a high mortality rate of 65.1% (99/152). Multivariate analysis identified key socioeconomic determinants significantly associated with increased mortality: caregiver unemployment (β=1.53, OR=4.62, p=0.045), use of unprotected water sources (β=2.18, OR=8.83, p<0.001), and living 5-10 km from the health facility (β=4.42, OR=83.7, p=0.007). Most deaths (49.5%) occurred in infancy (1-11 months). Survival analysis showed a median survival time of 3-4 years, with infections being the leading cause of early death. Qualitative findings from caregivers and health workers highlighted family financial constraints, stigma, transportation barriers, and health system gaps (e.g., shortages of supplies and specialists) as critical challenges.

Conclusion

Mortality among children with Spina Bifida in Western Uganda is high and is profoundly influenced by modifiable socioeconomic determinants. Caregiver unemployment, poor water and sanitation, and geographical barriers to healthcare are significant predictors of mortality among children with SB.

Recommendations

Effective interventions must extend beyond clinical care to include socioeconomic support, inclusive livelihood interventions, such as financial protection schemes, income-generating activities, improved WASH infrastructure, decentralization of services, and community sensitization to reduce stigma. A multi-sectoral approach is essential to improve survival and quality of life for this vulnerable population of children with SB.

Determinants of obesity among adults aged 35 to 65 years attending Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV, Mityana District. A cross-sectional study.

Suzan Nakubulwa — 2025-09-01

Background

In Uganda, the prevalence of obesity among adults has been steadily increasing, reaching an estimated prevalence of 29% in urban areas and 14.3% in rural settings. The purpose of the study was to assess the determinants of obesity among adults aged 35 to 65 years attending Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV in Mityana District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used employing quantitative methods of data collection and was conducted in Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV. In 4 days, 33 adults were selected using a simple sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed manually, and the findings were entered into Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results

Out of 33 participants, 30.3% were aged 45-49 years, and more than half (58%) were females. For individual determinants, over half (64%) were rarely exercising, more than half (55%) were taking sugary drinks daily, and 85% overate when stressed. Concerning health facility determinants, more than half (58%) health workers could sometimes support them in addressing their weight management issues, all (100%) didn’t have weight management programs and (52%) could wait for a very long time and socio-cultural determinants, (64%) large body size was perceived as a sign of wealth and (94%) had a family history of obesity.

Conclusion

Obesity among adults was driven by poor lifestyle choices, limited healthcare support, cultural perceptions, and genetic predisposition; hence, the need for clear interventions.

Recommendation

Promote regular physical activity, reduce sugary drink intake, establish accessible weight management programs, educate communities on healthy body image, and improve health facility support services.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of Agapanthus Africanus (L.) Hoffmanns: A systematic review of a salt-tolerant medicinal plant with potential healing properties.

Karishma Singh — 2025-09-01

Introduction
Agapanthus africanus, commonly known as the African Lily, is a salt-tolerant plant native to South Africa’s coastal regions and has long been used in traditional African medicine for treating various ailments. This review aims to synthesize current ethnobotanical and scientific knowledge on A. africanus, focusing on its traditional uses, phytochemical composition, pharmacological potential, salt stress tolerance, and ecological adaptability.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other academic databases. The search was limited to English-language publications from the past decade. A total of 82 records were identified, of which 63 studies met the inclusion criteria for quality and relevance.

Results
The plant is traditionally used to manage pregnancy-related conditions, respiratory issues, infections, and inflammatory diseases. Phytochemical analysis reveals bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and CNS-modulating properties. Emerging evidence suggests additional roles in managing hypertension and depression through ACE and serotonin reuptake inhibition. Conservation concerns are rising due to habitat degradation; although not formally assessed by the IUCN, some subspecies are locally protected in South Africa.

Conclusion
With its therapeutic potential and natural adaptation to saline environments, A. africanus presents a promising candidate for eco-friendly pharmaceutical development and sustainable agriculture. Realizing this potential requires interdisciplinary research integrating ecology, pharmacology, horticulture, and indigenous knowledge systems to support both conservation and utilization.

Recommendations
Future research should prioritize the development of standardized extraction techniques and dosing guidelines to enhance repeatability and facilitate the clinical translation of these findings. In vivo and clinical trials will be conducted to validate the pharmacological claims that are now supported by in vitro and ethnobotanical evidence. Ecological monitoring and conservation assessments, with a focus on habitat fragmentation and the implications of climate change.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers towards childhood Immunizations at Young Child Clinics of Mildmay Uganda Hospital, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Stanley Acac — 2025-09-01

Background.

Globally, it is estimated that around 22.6 million infants were partially protected by immunization services. In Uganda, only 52 percent of children aged 12-23 months were fully vaccinated. This assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices on immunization among mothers attending the young child clinic at Mildmay Uganda hospital.

Methods.

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, using quantitative data collection methods. Over five days, 30 mothers were selected through simple random sampling. Data were gathered using a structured, closed-ended questionnaire and analyzed manually, with results entered into Microsoft Excel (2013) and presented using tables, pie charts, and graphs.

Results.

Most of the participants were aged 25-29(40%) and had secondary education (50%), and 100,000-300,000 Ugandan shillings monthly (47%). All mothers were aware of childhood immunization,70% citing disease prevention as its purpose, and all knew the first dose is given at birth. However, 53% were unaware of the required routine visits. Most received information through radio or TV (60%), while 80% believe in the benefits of vaccination,60% felt unsafe vaccinating their children, and 70% opposed compulsory vaccination. Additionally, 53% didn’t advise others to vaccinate. Regarding practices, many missed vaccine schedules (63%), skipped vaccines (67%) or didn’t complete them (53%), and 87% used pain relievers post-vaccination

Conclusion.

Mothers had general awareness of childhood immunization, but gaps in knowledge, negative attitudes, and poor practices hindered full adherence to vaccination schedules.

Recommendation.

There is a need for targeted health education and community outreach to improve mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward childhood immunization.

Factors post abortion care utilization and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Lira City. A cross-sectional study.

Eunice Anena — 2025-09-01

Background

PAC is an effective intervention for decreasing maternal mortality and morbidity owing to abortion. PAC Services are services offered by the healthcare professionals to women who have had an abortion to prevent complications related to Abortion. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing PAC service utilization among women of reproductive age in Lira City.

Methods

This was a quantitative cross-sectional study done among women of reproductive age in Lira City. A total of 335 women were recruited by multistage sampling. The data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.

Results

The mean age of study participants was 26.09. (87%) Of the participants were Christians 54.3% (182) had heard about PAC, and the majority, 55.5% (186), had some knowledge about PAC. Most participants (63.9%) stay 1-5km away from the health facility. Stigma was the most common (59.1%) challenge women who had an abortion faced in the community. 26.6% of the participants said health providers of abortion services are kind. Only marital status remained statistically significant at multivariate analysis, P-value (0.009 OR 4.907[0.870-8.266]. Age, religion, and income level are significant in determining whether one will have an abortion or not at p-values of 0.004, 0.009, and 0.029, respectively.

Conclusion

Education level, marital status, and knowledge increased utilization of PAC services, while factors like stigma and restrictive abortion laws decreased utilization of services.

Recommendations

The restrictive abortion laws, which allow abortion only if the life of the mother and/or the fetus is in danger, should be adjusted to include adolescents and young women who are not ready for childbearing.

An audit of phototherapy services at the department of dermatology in Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital: A 12-year cross-sectional study (2013-2024).

Lefalane Tshepisho Shelembe — 2025-09-01

Background

Phototherapy uses ultraviolet light to treat a range of dermatological diseases. An audit is necessary to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that may influence patient compliance with treatment.

Methods

A quantitative retrospectivetudy that included all dermatology patients who were treated with phototherapy at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital during the study period. The data was obtained from the hospitalpaper records.

The data was analysed for age, gender, race, diagnosis, and patient address. Patient records were also reviewed to determine reasons for stopping treatment.

Results

167 patients were treated during the study period. 98 were females, and 69 were males. Most patients were African (51%), followed by those of Indian or Asian ethnicity (43%); White and Coloured patients comprised 2% each. The mean age was 48 years (SD 16.2, range 12-87). Overall, most patients treated had either vitiligo (38%) or psoriasis (34%). At the end of the study period, the proportion of patients still undergoing phototherapy was 24.55%, while those who had discontinued for various reasons were 75.45%. The reasons for stopping phototherapy included being lost to follow-up in 37%, financial constraints such as transport costs in 20%, treatment cessation due to improvement in 13%, side effects in 10%, work commitments in 10%, and lack of improvement or poor response to therapy in 10%. Forty-seven per cent of the patients lived within 20 kilometres of the hospital, 38% lived within 20-50 kilometres, and 16% resided at least 50 kilometres away.

Conclusion

Vitiligo and psoriasis are the most treated conditions with phototherapy at our centre. The distance of residence has no direct link to treatment cessation.

Recommendations

Further research is needed to determine the optimal treatment durations required for disease clearance and how this may impact adherence to phototherapy.

Factors affecting oral hygiene among pupils aged 7-18 years attending Taibah International School, Bwebajja, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

Phionah Nakisuyi — 2025-09-01

Background

In Uganda, untreated oral health issues are responsible for 25% of school absenteeism. This study aimed to assess the factors affecting oral hygiene among pupils aged 7–18 years attending Taibah International School in Bwebajja, Wakiso District.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used employing quantitative methods of data collection. In 6 days, 52 pupils aged below 18 Years were selected using a simple random sampling method. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data that was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and presented in the form of tables, pie charts, and graphs.

Results

Out of the 52 participants, nearly half (44%) were aged 11-14 years, and more than half (54%) had over 5 siblings. Regarding individual factors, more than half (88%) do not know the proper techniques for brushing teeth, more than half (58%) rarely brush teeth, almost half (46%) do not use herbal remedies, and less than half (38%) mention fear was a hindrance. Concerning school-related factors, most (77%) schools do not provide oral hygiene lessons, 52(100%) schools do not facilitate access to oral health supplies, and a significant number (71%) of school canteens do not offer healthy food options. About socio-economic factors, more than half (58%) do not have access to their toothpaste and toothbrushes, most (81%) families do not have sufficient income to purchase oral health supplies regularly, and most (85%) never visit the dentist for professional oral care.

Conclusion

Poor oral hygiene among pupils was attributed to low knowledge, inadequate school support, and limited access to oral care supplies. Socio-economic constraints and fear of dental care also played a significant role.

Recommendation

Schools should integrate oral hygiene education into the curriculum and provide access to basic oral care supplies. Support parents and guardians through community health programs.