Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

The Effectiveness of Post-operative Analgesia in Caesarean Section Patients at King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex: A Prospective Qualitative Descriptive analytical study at a District level Hospital in South Africa.

Tatum Curtis — 2025-03-04

Background:

Post-operative pain management in caesarean section (C-section) patients is crucial for optimal recovery. However, pain control in district-level hospitals, such as King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex in KwaZulu-Natal, often faces challenges due to resource limitations and variability in clinical practices. The study aimed to assess post-operative pain management following spinal anaesthesia in women receiving a caesarean section. The main objective was to assess a patient's pain level at specified time intervals post-operatively – therefore evaluating the adequacy of the post-operative analgesia prescribed and administered in decreasing a patient’s pain level.

Methods:

This prospective qualitative descriptive analytical study included 157 women undergoing elective C-sections under spinal anesthesia. Pain management effectiveness was assessed using patient questionnaires and visual analogue scales (VAS) at multiple time points post-operation.

Results:

The participants ranged in age from 18 to 44 years with a mean age of 30.5 years (SD = 5.54) and most of the participants were African (96.1%). The study revealed significant variability in analgesic prescriptions and administration, with many patients experiencing suboptimal pain relief. Despite a standard protocol, 29.9% of patients reported increased pain 24 hours post-surgery, highlighting inconsistencies in pain management practices.

Conclusion:

The findings underscore the need for standardized pain management protocols and improved training for healthcare providers to enhance patient outcomes.

Recommendations

The Authors recommend that healthcare workers should be trained on the latest postoperative analgesia guidelines for women coming for caesarean section. Pain should be regularly assessed in the postnatal ward and analgesia administered timeously.

UPTAKE OF INTRA-UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES AND ITS ASSOCIATED INDIVIDUAL FACTORS AMONG WOMEN AGED 15 – 45 YEARS ATTENDING SERVICES AT BWEYOGERERE HEALTH CENTRE III, WAKISO DISTRICT, CENTRAL UGANDA – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Joel Collins Ssebunya — 2025-03-07

Introduction

An Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is a reversible, long-acting, safe, and effective method of postponing childbirth for couples, but many women get unwanted pregnancies in fear of side effects associated with some methods. This study aimed at determining the uptake of IUCDs and its associated individual factors among women aged 15 – 45 years attending health services at Bweyogerere Health Center III, Wakiso District, Central Uganda.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 391 women aged 15 – 45 years, attending services at Bweyogerere Health Center III, who voluntarily consented to participate in the study and were selected using systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed in SPSS v.21 using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and binary logistic regression. Participants provided written informed consent for participation. Ethical approval was sought from the College Research and Scientific Committee, and administrative clearance was obtained from the District Health Office and the Health Facility In-Charge. Results

Data was collected from 391 participants with an average age of 26.2 years (S = 6.86) and 348 (89%) were married and 378 (96.65%) were employed with almost equal distribution in the highest education level attained as; 148 (37.9%) had primary or less, 141 (36.1%) secondary and 102 (26.7%) had a tertiary or higher qualification. The uptake of IUCD was 26.6% and was associated with participants’ age (aOR=0.271; p-value=0.000) and education level (aOR=90.090; p-value=0.000) as the significant individual factors.

Conclusion

The uptake of IUCDs among participants is 26.6%, which is low and is associated with one’s age and educational level as the significant individual factors.

Recommendations

Health workers need to provide targeted contraceptive methods that are tailored to clients’ characteristics, like age and educational background, to accelerate the uptake of methods like IUCDs.

PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNSUPPRESSED VIRAL LOADS AMONG ADOLESCENTS ON ART ATTENDING ART CLINIC AT BUSEMBATIA HEALTH CENTER III, BUGWERI DISTRICT, UGANDA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Christopher Gubira — 2025-03-12

Background

Adolescents living with HIV are put on ART to improve their quality of life. The emerging failure to have their viral load suppressed is increasing. However, risk factors for failure of viral load suppression in a rural ART clinic are not well documented. This study sought to find out the prevalence and factors associated with unsuppressed viral loads among HIV/AIDS-positive adolescents in the ART clinic of Busembatia Health Centre III.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was used for HIV positive adolescents attending ART Clinic at Busembatia Health Centre III, Bugweri District. A Kish and Leslie statistical formula was used to obtain the sample size and a random sampling technique was used among 92 adolescents. Data about the adolescents was both extracted from the Client forms and also obtained through questionnaires.

Results.

51(55.44%) of the participants were female,50(54.35%) of the adolescents were aged 12-13 years and the majority of them were single 89(96.74%). 21% of the participants had unsuppressed viral loads. The established patient-related factors were; Substance abuse 16(84.21%), Sexual behaviors 10(52.63%), Knowledge about HIV 16(84.21%) and clinical-related factors were poor adherence 4(21.05%), Multimorbidity and opportunistic infections 6(31.58%), poor nutritional status 6(31.58%), 12(63.15%) were in WHO clinical stage and 4 (21.05%) of the unsuppressed adolescent had their regimen changed.

Conclusion.

Prevalence of unsuppressed viral loads was high and the factors associated with viral load unsuppression are numerous, unique and thus require unique interventions.

Recommendation.

The ART clinic personnel and Implementing partners should engage the adolescents on ART, parents/guardians, and teachers in identifying their problems and the challenges and try to find and or address these problems.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS THE UTILIZATION OF ORA-QUICK HIVST AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS ATTENDING ANC AT ERRH, A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Joyce Florence Kunihira — 2025-03-06

Background

Ora- Quick HIV self-testing (HIVST) is where a person collects his or her specimen (oral fluid), performs an HIV test, and interprets the result either alone or with someone he or she trusts. The study was to assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards the utilization of Ora-Quick HIVST among pregnant mothers attending ANC at ERRH.

Methodology

A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to select 40 mothers using a simple random sampling method, collecting data using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS.

Results

Most 21) of the respondents (52.5%) were aged 18-24 years, while only 1(2.5%) was aged 35 and above. Half 20(50%) were Baganda tribe. The study indicated that 97.5% of respondents reported having heard of Ora-Quick HIV ST. 51.3% heard it from friends and family. 67% did not know that Ora-Quick is available in pharmacies. All the respondents knew that Ora-Quick HIVST is an acceptable idea, 40% disagreed that HIVST has the potential to reach hard-to-reach areas and 28% said they would not seek help and follow up an HIV positive result on Ora-Quick, 62.5% of the participants had never used an Ora-Quick HIVST, 64% did not know the correct time to read the results and 50% considered positive results to be the final.

Conclusion

Therefore, the study revealed insufficient knowledge as well as poor attitudes and practices towards Ora-Quick HIVST, which is believed to be related to inadequate community sensitization. The government, through the Ministry of Health, should launch national campaigns to promote HIV self-testing among pregnant mothers, emphasizing its role in early detection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

Recommendation

The government, through the Ministry of Health, should launch national campaigns to promote HIV self-testing among pregnant mothers, emphasizing its role in early detection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF MALNUTRITION AND ITS EFFECT ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS IN SAGAMU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Chidinma Abaribe — 2025-03-17

Background

Childhood malnutrition remains a global challenge and the most prevalent nutritional problem in developing countries, including Nigeria. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of malnutrition and its effect on under-five children among mothers attending primary health centers in the Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria.

Method

The study adopted a cross-sectional quantitative design and used a multi-stage sampling technique to select sixty-one mothers from the three selected primary health centers in Sagamu LGA. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used for the collection of data from participants. Data was collected, coded, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the findings from the study, and all were tested at the level of 0.05 significance

Results

The result shows that the majority of the mothers were between the ages of 18 and 28 years (44.9%), attained tertiary education (73.5%), were from Yoruba land (65.3%), were Christian (75.5%), and most had one to three children (80.6%). Mothers had high knowledge of malnutrition 138(91.8%), and high knowledge of the effects of malnutrition 144 (95.8%). The result also revealed a significant relationship between respondent's knowledge of malnutrition and the effects of malnutrition (p= 0.001), level of education and knowledge of malnutrition (p= 0.000), and between the knowledge of malnutrition and perception of malnutrition in under-five children (p= 0.006)

Conclusion

The study concludes that the Majority of the mothers demonstrated high knowledge of malnutrition and good knowledge of its effects, and it established a positive relationship between knowledge and perception of malnutrition in children under five.

Recommendation

Therefore, the study recommended that training programs should be done periodically for mothers to ensure they are abreast with the proper knowledge and ways to prevent malnutrition in their under-five children.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-MEDICATION AMONG ADULTS AGED 18 TO 50 YEARS ATTENDING HENROB HOSPITAL ZANA.

Zaliika Namagembe — 2025-03-02

Background.

Self-medication is becoming increasingly common among adults in Uganda. Despite its potential risks at the individual and community level, not enough studies have been done in Uganda on self-medication. This study examined individual factors associated with self-medication among adults aged 18 to 50 years attending Henrob Hospital Zana.

Methodology.

A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting adults attending Henrob Hospital. A total of 40 respondents were systematically selected and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The outcome variable was the medication with or without a prescription from a doctor / medical worker. The information was manually tallied, and scientific measures were used to analyze the recorded information. Thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed, followed by presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results.

The majority of respondents were males 21(52.5%),24 (60%) were in the age group of 45-50 years, 26 (65 %) of the participants replied Yes to having used any drug for self-treatment, 16 (40%) reported being busy with daily programs, respondents who reported buying medicine without a prescription from the doctor majority were Christians 21(52.5), 22 (55%) of the respondents knew the dosage of drugs by enquiring from the seller and 26 (65%) of the respondents obtained their drugs from a community pharmacy.

Conclusion.

Self-medication in adults is associated with age, level of education, accessibility to pharmacies, occupation, and marital status.

Recommendations.

Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies, including the health workers, should strive to increase the knowledge of patients about the importance of reporting and obtaining medical consultation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UPTAKE OF SKILLED DELIVERY SERVICES AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE AT KASANJE SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT

VICKY NACHAP — 2025-03-17

Background

The uptake of skilled delivery services was associated with improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. So, this study aimed to assess factors affecting the uptake of skilled delivery services among women of childbearing age in Kasanje Sub County, Wakiso district.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design was used employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection using a semi-structured questionnaire. The information was manually tallied and scientific measures were used to analyze the recorded information. Thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed followed by a presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results

The results of the study were all females, in the age range of 15 to 49 years. The majority (75%) were married, (60%) had more than three children, 64% were housewives 37% travelled over 10 to reach the health centre and (66%) earned 10,000-50,000/= a month. Most (50%) used a boda boda to reach the health center and over 62% of them had to wait for over an hour before being worked on while 50% complained that midwives were rude to them.

Conclusion

Findings showed that the low uptake of skilled delivery services among women of childbearing age at Kasanje Sub County is highly influenced by parity, education level, occupation, social support like partner involvement, economic status, the distance needed to be moved, and the character of midwives.

Recommendation

Midwives and doctors in charge of maternal health need to equip themselves with good customer care service skills to positively influence and change pregnant mothers’ attitudes towards health professionals and service delivery.

Assessing University Students’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Sources of Information, Risk Awareness, and Educational Implications

Nontando Makhaye — 2025-03-17

Introduction
There are over 376 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) annually, with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and human papillomavirus being the most common. Investigating STIs among university students is vital due to high-risk behaviour, characteristic of university students, which increases the risk of transmission along with their long-term health risk. This study aimed to examine the knowledge and perceptions about STIs and their prevalence among students at Mangosuthu University of Technology.

Method
A total of 284 students participated in this study. Data collection was conducted using electronic and paper-based surveys depending on participant preference. The survey comprised of questions focused on demographics and practices, evaluating on STI knowledge, and students’ perceived risk of infection with STIs. STI prevalence statistics were obtained from the university clinic.

Results

The majority of participants perceived their STI knowledge as either "Good" (44.37%) or "Excellent" (25%), with a small proportion rating their knowledge as "Scarce" (19.72%). Sources of information included the internet (35.56%), teachers (28.17%), and healthcare professionals (22.18%). In terms of risk awareness, most students perceived themselves at "Moderate" (42.9%) or "A lot" (37%) risk of contracting an STI. Notably, no statistically significant differences in STI knowledge were found across gender or age groups. More female students were treated for STIs than their male counterparts.

Conclusion
The findings emphasize the need for more targeted educational approaches, particularly gender-sensitive interventions, and underscore the importance of combining multiple educational sources, including formal curricula, peer education, and digital platforms, to improve STI knowledge and risk awareness.

Recommendations
Future studies should explore the intersection between self-perceived knowledge, actual awareness, and testing behaviours to better understand how STI education can be optimized for diverse student populations.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON MOBILE TELEHEALTH SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY AT KITAGATA HOSPITAL IN SHEEMA DISTRICT.

Jackson Musiime Selwano — 2025-03-01

Background

Mobile telehealth systems are increasingly transforming healthcare delivery, improving accessibility for patients, and enhancing efficiency among healthcare providers. This study explored the current landscape of mobile telehealth system usage at Kitagata Hospital in Sheema district southwestern Uganda.

Methods

The cross-sectional research design was adopted. The study population included patients and Physicians in Kitagata Hospital while a sample size of 250 participated in the study. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study employed both primary and secondary data. Descriptive statistics and regression technique (model summary) analysis were done to examine the percentage effect of mobile telehealth systems on information accessibility at Kitagata Hospital to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was narratively analyzed. To cater for conflict of interest, familiarized with the institutions’ policies to minimize the chances of occurrence of conflict of interest, a research assistant was recruited to assist in data collection where the researcher had a conflict of interest.

Results

The combined total of 63.6% suggests that telehealth is becoming a routine part of healthcare delivery in this setting. Overall, results demonstrated that mobile telehealth systems significantly correlate with enhanced information accessibility at Kitagata Hospital, explaining a notable portion of the variability in this area. Also, a moderate level of adoption, with significant benefits reported in patient satisfaction and physician time management.

Conclusion

Whereas evidence shows that the use of telehealth systems increases efficiency and quality of healthcare, inadequate infrastructure development and insufficient capacity building among health workers inhibit the adoption and usage of telehealth.

Recommendation

More investment should be made in setting up appropriate infrastructure and building the capacity of healthcare workers to boost telehealth utilization.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NABARI PAYAM SOUTH SUDAN. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Agaar Chep Aboor — 2025-03-01

Background

Countries need to have waste management policies that streamline the behaviors of residents on how best to practice and manage waste generated by different sources. The study aims to assess the attitude toward waste management in Nabari Payam South Sudan.

Methodology

A cross-sectional survey, descriptive and explanatory design where quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted. A questionnaire and Focus group discussion were adopted and interviews for Key Informants. Data was analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and thematic methods for quantitative and qualitative data.

Results

156 (46.7%) and 58 (17.4%) of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed that their Payam residents had done enough for waste management, the mean score was 2.37, and the standard deviation 1.01. For proper management of waste by the local authority, findings showed that 257 (76.9%) and 64 (19.2%) of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed, the mean was 1.91, and the standard deviation was 0.68. Regarding safety when handling waste, it was found that 246 (73.7%) of the respondents and 40 (12.0%) disagreed and strongly disagreed attracted a mean score of 2.51 and a standard deviation of 0.85.

Conclusion

Residents in Nabari Payam had a negative attitude towards waste management and there was dissatisfaction with provisions of waste material that were lacking and inadequate in the Payam.

Recommendations

Regular monitoring and evaluation of waste management activities at the Payam residents need to be geared up to have total adherence to introduced guidelines for waste management.

PREVALENCE AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSMENORRHEA AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS AT FORT PORTAL COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, WESTERN UGANDA – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Diplock Ignatius — 2025-03-01

Introduction

Dysmenorrhea is a common complaint among women of reproductive age and it affects academic performance among students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and individual factors associated with dysmenorrhea among female medical students at Fort Portal College of Health Sciences, western Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 participants from the five training programs offered at the college. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence, and individual factors associated with dysmenorrhea. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.21, using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and logistic regression. Ethical and administrative approvals were sought for the College Research and Scientific Committee and administration, respectively and participants provided written informed consent.

Results

Data was collected from 280 participants with a mean age of 23.26 years (S=3.58). The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among participants was 94.26%; and participants’ age (aOR=2.74; 95% CI: 0.36 – 20.86; p-value = 0.331), duration of menstrual flow (aOR=2.36; 95% CI: 0.66 – 8.39; p-value = 0.184), regular physical exercises (aOR=1.61; 95% CI: 0.85 – 3.05; p-value = 0.142), and daily water consumption (aOR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.15 – 10.37; p-value = 0.068), were not associated with dysmenorrhea.

Conclusion

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among female medical students is high and is not associated with individual factors like; age, duration of menstrual flow, physical exercises, or daily water consumption.

Recommendation

Additional studies are needed to examine the aetiology of dysmenorrhea and inform the development of effective prevention and control strategies.

BARRIERS TO EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES AMONG HIV-POSITIVE MOTHERS ATTENDING POSTNATAL CLINIC AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Victoria Namyalo — 2025-03-01

Background

Exclusive breastfeeding is critical for infant health, particularly among HIV-positive mothers. This study aimed to assess the barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among HIV-positive mothers attending a postnatal clinic at Kajjansi Health Center IV.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed to select 40 mothers. A simple random sampling method was used, and data was collected using a semi-structured researcher-administered questionnaire with both open and close-ended questions. Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis.

Results

40 respondents participated in this study; the majority, 28(70%) of the respondents, were between 18-25 years of age, while only 01(2.5%) was above 35 years. 75% of the respondents knew that exclusive breast milk is important for HIV-positive mothers. However, 37.5% of the mothers were not sure whether taking ARVs during pregnancy and after childbirth reduces the chances of HIV transmission to the born baby, and 37.5% of them also mentioned replacement feeding as the ideal baby feeding method in the first 6 months. 62% of the respondents reported having sufficient breast milk for EBF. However, 65% of them reported sometimes having support from their partners to EBF, and 20% were not sure whether EBF is culturally accepted. Half of the mothers never got breastfeeding counseling during ANC, and 75% were not advised on EBF for the first 6 months at the health facility.

Conclusion

The study found good knowledge among most of the respondents. However, socioeconomic and health facility factors greatly contributed to barriers to EBF among HIV-positive mothers.

Recommendation

The government, through the Ministry of Health, should expand breastfeeding education during antenatal care and postnatal visits, emphasizing the health benefits of EBF beyond HIV transmission alone.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE OF THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE AMONG GIRLS AGED 9-10 YEARS AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Irene Nantongo — 2025-03-01

Background

The study aims to identify the factors influencing the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among girls aged 9-10 years at Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology

This study adopted a cross-sectional study design, utilizing quantitative methods of data collection. It included 30 participants, who were parents and legal guardians of adolescent girls aged 9-10 years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV accompanied by adolescents.

Results

The majority 29 (97%) attained formal education, and 1 (3%) were not educated. 21(70%) reported no awareness about the existence of HPV and its vaccine. 23 (76.7%) thought the vaccine wasn’t safe and beneficial for their children to receive. 19(63.3%) reported traditional cultural beliefs or taboos against the vaccination of children, and 11 (36.7%) reported none. 20 (66.7%) reported mistrust towards vaccines provided by the government in their families or communities. 16 (53%) reported that they waited for the health worker for more than an hour, while 1 (3%) noted low delay. 17 (57%) responded that health workers were rude during their last visit, and 3 (10%) said they were polite. 21 (70%) appreciated vaccine availability in the facility.

Conclusion

Therefore, factors influencing the uptake of the HPV vaccine included the education level of parents, lack of awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, individual attitude towards the vaccine, poor health workers’ attitude, and long waiting times to receive service.

Recommendation

Ministry of Health, health workers, and other responsible bodies should use all available avenues to increase the public knowledge concerning the availability, safety, and benefits of HPV vaccine through routine public awareness campaigns, regular health education talks, printed flyers, and involvement of village health team to help deal with HPV vaccine hesitancy.

LARGE SCALE YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION: PARTICIPATORY RATE AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONAL TRAINEES AT MILDMAY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Martha Tubenawe — 2025-03-01

Background

Yellow fever remains a major public health issue in Uganda and other tropical regions. Health professions trainees are critical in preventing and controlling yellow fever outbreaks, but their vaccination status and knowledge about the disease were not well-documented. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of yellow fever vaccination and the knowledge of health professional trainees regarding yellow fever and its vaccination.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 40 health professional trainees at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation of the key characteristics using an Excel spreadsheet. Results were presented in tables, charts, and graphs to represent key findings and illustrate distributions, respectively.

Results

The results from the data collection showed yellow fever vaccination prevalence was 72.5% being vaccinated and 27.5% being unvaccinated, with males (91.7%) showing higher coverage than females (64.3%). Trainees aged 31-35 had 100% vaccination coverage, compared to 69.7% among those aged 18-25. Socio-economic status also influenced vaccination rates, with trainees from high-income backgrounds (83.3%) more likely to be vaccinated than those from middle (69.0%). Knowledge about yellow fever transmission, symptoms, and vaccination benefits was high among most respondents.

Conclusion

Although vaccination rates were generally strong, younger trainees and females showed lower coverage.

Recommendation

There should be targeted vaccination initiatives for these groups and integration of vaccination services with educational programs within training institutions.

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NEEDLE STICK INJURIES AMONG NURSES AND MEDICAL OFFICERS AT WAKISO HEALTH CENTER IV, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Patricia Musana — 2025-03-01

Background

Healthcare workers are at a high risk of accidental needle stick injuries because many are unaware or fail to adhere to set guidelines on infection control, which may often result in injury and blood-borne infections. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to assess the knowledge and practices of prevention and control of needle stick injuries among nurses and medical officers at Wakiso Health Center IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design was used to collect quantitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were picked to participate randomly using a simple random sampling method, from which 30 participants enrolled and consented to take part in the study.

Results

Results from the data collection showed a response rate of 100%, and the results showed most participants were in the age groups of 18-45 years. 83.3% of nurses and medical officers were aware that blood-borne infections can be transmitted by needle-stick injuries. 93.3% had heard of needle stick injuries among health workers. 70% were of the impression that syringes and needles should be discarded in a sharp box being used. 60% of the injuries had occurred due to poor disposal of sharps, while 23.3% were due to poor organization in the areas of work.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research revealed that most healthcare workers had adequate knowledge about the preventive measures and associated risks of needle-stick injuries. However, practices needed to be improved.

Recommendation

I, therefore, recommend that continuous onsite training should be done for the prevention and reporting of needle stick injuries. I also further recommend better management of healthcare workers who have sustained needle injuries.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Kevin Nakate — 2025-03-10

Background.

Intrauterine devices are one of the long-acting, safe and effective methods of contraception in women of reproductive age across the world with a safety percentage of 89 %. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing utilization of intrauterine contraceptive device contraception among women of reproductive age at Entebbe regional referral hospital, Entebbe municipality Wakiso district.

Methods.

A descriptive-cross sectional design. Quantitative methods of data collection were employed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample size of 30 respondents. Data was collected using a simple random sampling method.

Result.

Most 13(43.3%) of the respondents were between 26 and 30 years of age, 11(36.7%) had a primary level of education, 12(40%) had two children, 24(80%) had only one sexual partner and 18(60%) had a low family level of income. Concerning health facility-related factors; more than half 17(56.7%) take four hours and more waiting for family planning services, 16(53.3%) mentioned that health care providers do not recommend the use of intrauterine devices, 18(60%) do not receive health education about the use of intrauterine devices at the facility.

Conclusion.

The Individual factors were; age, level of education, number of children, weight, number of sexual partners, and family level of income. The health facility-related factors were; waiting time, health care providers’ recommendations, health education, availability of health facilities in community and availability of intra uterine devices.

Recommendations.

Healthcare workers should implement strategies to minimize waiting times for contraceptive services, including intra-uterine device insertion, and strengthen health education programs within the hospital to raise awareness about the benefits and availability of intra-uterine devices

FACTORS INFLUENCING FIRST ANTENATAL CARE AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Aisha Nakalanzi — 2025-03-06

Antenatal care during pregnancy is a measure to reduce the maternal mortality rate. The study aims to determine the factors influencing first antenatal care among pregnant mothers during the first trimester at Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso district.

Methodology

A cross-sectional quantitative study design used a simple random sampling technique. Data from the questionnaires was entered into the computer using the Microsoft Excel program. Analysis was done, and data was presented in the form of tables, figures, and statistical texts

depicting respondents’ responses in frequencies and percentages.

Results

Most 5(45%) of the respondents mentioned delay in detecting abnormalities, 12(40%) thought one should start antenatal care, 11(38%) mentioned that distance to the facility hindered them. Majority 21(70%) of the respondents lacked ultrasound machine at the facility, Majority 18(60%) of the respondents spent long time waiting for service, 63% of the respondents were unaware of delayed ANC attendance. 53.3% of respondents reported that their religion restricted access to antenatal services. The study revealed that most respondents (40%) were between 18 and 20 years.

Conclusion

Level of knowledge and awareness about the risks of delayed ANC attendance, religious beliefs, geographic challenges, Inadequate healthcare infrastructure were the significant factors that influenced the timing of first ANC visit.

Recommendations

The government should improve access to healthcare services by expanding healthcare infrastructure in rural and underserved areas.

BARRIERS FACED BY WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN SEEKING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING SERVICES IN KATABI MILITARY HOSPITAL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Joan Lusike — 2025-03-05

Background

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries. The study aims to assess the barriers faced by women of reproductive age in seeking cervical cancer screening services in Katabi Miltary Hospital, Wakiso.

Methodology

The study adopted a descriptive design using quantitative approach. This design was suggested to enable the researcher to capture information of respondents views in own words. Processed data was analyzed by grouping the same ideas together and interpreted. Finally, data was presented in form of graphs, tables, and pie chart.

Results

The majority of the respondents, 63.3%, reported that there were some social beliefs such as “not everyone should see a female’s genitalia, more so men if not their partners”. 45.0%, suggested fear of the results, (70.0%) of the respondents couldn’t afford the screening, 55.6% reported having fear towards CC screening, Socioeconomic findings 41.6% wouldn’t seek CC screening due to poverty, 65.0%) reported that the clinic hours were not convenient for them and 53.4% reported long waiting hours as one the other facility based barriers, 33.3% of them reported health workers having poor attitude while providing these services. The majority of the participants (58.3%) were Baganda by tribe.

Conclusion

The barriers faced by women of reproductive age in seeking cervical cancer screening services were the cost of screening services, inconvenient clinic hours, prolonged waiting hours, fear, and poor attitude of health workers.

Recommendations.

To the ministry, the government and other stakeholders such as NGOs, should establish more health facilities and equip them with supplies for cervical cancer screening so as to further avail services to its female citizens.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Bridget Nassuuna — 2025-03-06

Background

The aim of the study is to determine the factors contributing to susceptibility of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal at Entebbe regional referral hospital Wakiso district.

Methodology

The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design that used quantitative methods of

data collection from 36 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital. The study employed a simple random sampling technique to select the sample. The collected data were summarized on paper using a pen, tallied, analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and then presented in the form of tables, pie charts, and graphs.

Results

The majority, 30 (83.3%), of the respondents were married, and the least, 6 (16.7%), were single. Most, 25 (69.4%) of the respondents reported having one sexual partner, Most, 23 (63.9%) of the respondents did not change their undergarments, most, 20 (55.6%) of the respondents said Yes when asked whether they had ever had about UTI, majority, 31 (86.1%) shared toilets with their neighbors, 18 (50%) bathed twice in a day, 18 (50%) of the respondents urinated four times and above, majority, 23 (63.9%) of the respondents had no history of any chronic illness. Most, 12 (33.3%) of the respondents were attending their fourth antenatal visit. The Majority, 25 (69.4%) of the respondents had never inserted a catheter. Most of the respondents, 21 (58.3%), were multigravida mothers.

Conclusions

The susceptibility of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Entebbe was 20.3% and was associated with Occupation, marital status, gravidity, and education level.

Recommendations

Ministry of health and other responsible bodies including the health workers should strive to increase the knowledge of patients about the importance of reporting and obtaining medical consultation.

BARRIERS TO MALE INVOLVEMENT IN ANTENATAL CARE IN UGANDA. A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW.

ANDREW TUMWINE — 2025-03-02

Background

Globally, men are significant figures in the decision-making processes of the family, especially to their expectant partner. During this period, mothers, their unborn babies, family members, and more so their husbands are excessively worried. This study aimed to assess the barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda.

Methods.

A systematic review of journal articles was carried out using the search words “Barriers”, “Male involvement,” and “Antenatal Care”. Different medical databases, such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, and PubMed, were used. A total of 134 relevant articles were published between 2010 and 2020 but were reduced to 36 most relevant full-text articles, of which 20 were Ugandan studies hinting at male involvement in Antenatal Care (ANC) services.

Findings.

The review revealed that barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda were classified as gender and cultural norms, lack of services targeting male partners, poor ANC service delivery, free availability of TBAs, poverty, long distances to ANC clinics and long waiting time at health centers, fear of HIV/AIDs testing and lack of specific services targeting men.

Conclusion.

There are many barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda. Husbands are vital in the lives of pregnant mothers; thus, attending to these barriers could significantly increase male involvement in ANC services.

Recommendations.

The government of Uganda should involve community extension workers in sensitizing households on the benefits of husband involvement in ANC as well as improving service delivery and health care centers.

PREVALENCE AND HEALTH FACILITY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT WAKISO HEALTH CENTER IV, WAKISO DISTRICT – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Martin Muyomba — 2025-03-01

Introduction

Abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study purposed to determine the prevalence and health facility factors associated with abnormal vaginal discharge among pregnant women attending antennal care at Wakiso Health Center IV, Wakiso District in Central Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants, selected by systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a data extraction form were used for data collection. The data was analyzed in SPSS v.21 using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and binary logistic regression. Participants provided written informed consent for participation. Ethical approval was sought from the College Research and Scientific Committee and administrative clearance was obtained from the District Health Office and the Health Facility In-Charge.

Results

Data was collected from 100 participants with a mean age of 31.9 (S = 7.63) years. The prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge was 40% and significant health facility factors were perceived quality of antenatal care services (aOR=8.001; 95% CI: 1.31 – 33.157; p-value = 0.004), distance to the health facility (aOR=12.956; 95% CI: 1.902 – 88.272; p-value = 0.009), and provision of a friendly care environment (aOR=5.889; 95% CI: 1.335 – 25.976; p-value = 0.019).

Conclusion

The prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Wakiso Health Center IV is high and is associated with the perceived quality of antenatal care, distance to health facilities, and provision of a friendly care environment.

Recommendations

There is a need for health workers to motivate pregnant women to seek timely care and provide during pregnancy and provide a friendly environment for prompt and effective treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge in pregnancy.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND HEALTH FACILITY-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF ANC SERVICES AMONG WOMEN AGED 18-40 ATTENDING ANC AT KYANKWANZI HEALTH CENTER III. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Moreen Owembabazi — 2025-03-01

Background

The study aims to identify the Socioeconomic factors and health facility-related factors affecting the utilization of ANC services among women aged 18-40 attending ANC at Kyankwanzi Health Center III.

Methodology

A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study design was used. The study targeted all pregnant mothers who attend ANC at Kyankwanzi Health Centre III aged between 18-40 years of age, with a sample size of 32 participants.

Results

The majority 14(43.7%) of the respondents were aged 18-24 years, while the least 2(6.3%) were 35-40 years. 14(43.7%) were self-employed and 6(18.8%) were formally employed.

The majority 21(65.6%) mentioned receiving advice on pregnancy management as the most important reason for attending ANC. 28(87.5%) reported that financial constraints prevent them from attending ANC visits. 21(65.6%) reported that their cultural norms or traditions in the community do not affect their decision to seek ANC services. 18(56%) said their spouse or other family members play a role in deciding whether or not to attend ANC. 17(53.1%) said the distance to the health facility greatly affects the respondents’ ability to attend ANC visits regularly. 20(62.5%) have experienced mistreatment or disrespect from healthcare staff during an ANC visit. 22(68.7%) said that the availability of skilled healthcare providers at the facility impacted the decision to seek ANC.

Conclusion

Financial barriers, medical supply costs, inadequate support from partners and families, mistreatment, or perceived lack of respect from healthcare staff contribute to delays and missed ANC visits. Factors like perceived quality of care and interactions with healthcare providers also influenced ANC attendance.

Recommendation

Enhancing healthcare staff training to promote respectful, culturally sensitive care, focusing on improving patient-provider interactions and reducing instances of mistreatment.

MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN CARE AND SUPPORT OF WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Lilian Nalwanga — 2025-03-01

Background

Men are involved in support of women during pregnancy and childbirth, as men participate in decisions and activities that will improve women's and child health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess men’s involvement in the care and support of women during pregnancy and childbirth among mothers attending antenatal care at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology

Results

This study revealed that 65% of the respondents’ husbands had a monthly income of between 100000-300000 Uganda shillings, Half of the husbands to the respondents always provided transport costs to the health facility, and 52% of the husbands never had time to escort their wives for ANC. The findings of the current study indicated that 70% of the respondents agreed that the health workers encouraged men to escort their wives to ANC. However, 37.5% of the respondents believed men were not motivated to attend ANC. 85% of the participants reported having no cultural norms that ban men from accessing labor wards and ANC. However, 50% believed it is the responsibility of the in-laws to care for the woman during childbirth.

In conclusion

Increasing men’s involvement in maternal care requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses financial, cultural, and health facility-related barriers. By creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for men, both at home and within healthcare settings, maternal and child health outcomes can be significantly improved.

Recommendation

Health facilities should be more couple-friendly by offering services that encourage male involvement, such as priority service for couples attending ANC together and promoting couple-specific health education.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF IMPLANTS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AT KAWAALA HEALTH CENTRE IV, KAMPALA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Recheal Namuli — 2025-03-01

Background

Implants are a more effective method of family planning methods as they enable women to control their reproductive lives better and are better options for contraception than other long-term family planning methods. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the utilization of implants among women of reproductive age at Kawaala Health Centre IV, Kampala District.

Methodology

The method was a descriptive-cross sectional design that utilized quantitative methods of data collection from a sample size of 30 respondents who were sampled by simple random sampling method using a self-administered questionnaire, and data was analyzed using micro soft office programs and presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie-charts.

Results

The majority of 12(40%) were between 18 and 24 years of age, and 17(56.7%) were not employed. Regarding individual factors, 19(63.3%) would wish to have three children to start using an implant, 11(36.7%) had one child, 24(80%) did not know all the information about the implant, and 20(66.7%) did not have an overall decision on the use of implants. Concerning Social and cultural factors, 23(76.7%) mentioned that their husbands did not support the use of implants, 27(90%) mentioned that their husbands had desires to have many children, 26(86.7%) did not get support from their husbands during utilization of family planning, and 18(60%) mentioned that their cultural belief does not support the use of implants.

Conclusion

Factors identified were lack of knowledge about implants, desire to have more children, lack of overall decision-making, lack of husband support, and cultural beliefs.

Recommendations

Health workers should develop comprehensive health education programs regarding using of long-acting methods of family planning such as implants.

MELIA AZEDARACH L. (MELIACEAE): PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACTS.

Phakamani Linda Masuku

Background

Medicinal plants are still the main source of therapeutic substances for treating infectious diseases that seriously endanger human health in South Africa. The current study examined the potential therapeutic applications of the young, ripe, and mature fruits of M. azedarach.

Methods

A standard protocol, which included chemical reagents and a series of reactions, was used to determine the presence of the phytochemical compound classes. The methanol and hexane extract of young, ripe, and mature fruits were applied to six bacterial strains (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) to evaluate their antibacterial activity.

Results

Methanol extracts of young, ripe, and mature fruits tested positive for six bioactive compounds. Hexane extracts of young, ripe, and mature fruits tested positive for four bioactive compounds. All six bacterial strains were highly susceptible to the methanol extract of fruits. Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the young fruits. Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, MRSA, and P. aeruginosa were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the ripe fruits. Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the mature fruits.

Conclusion

Melia azedarach fruits, whether young, ripe, or mature, contain bioactive therapeutic compounds (Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Sterols, Steroids/Terpenoids, Phenols, Mucilage and Gums, Fixed oils, and fats) that can be used to develop medicines to treat various human ailments and display strong antibacterial potential.

Recommendations

Future research is needed to evaluate each bioactive compound's antibacterial activity and efficacy to determine which can be used as components in producing antibacterial medicines and drugs.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PREVALENCE OF MALARIA AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE ATTENDING HEALTH CARE AT KATABI HEALTH CENTRE III, ENTEBBE MUNICIPALITY. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Kugonza Christine Ayebale — 2025-03-05

Background.

Malaria is an urgent health priority; its treatment traps families in a cycle of illness, suffering, and poverty. This study aimed to assess the factors contributing to the prevalence of malaria among children under five years attending health care at Katabi Health Center III, Entebbe municipality.

Methodology.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used, and semi-structured questionnaires were employed with statistical logistics to identify factors associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under five years.

Results

92(61.3%) were Females, 37.3% of the participants were 25-34 years, 71(47.3%) were married, and 40% (60/150) of children tested positive for malaria. Statistically, caregivers with low education level (x2=13.405, p=0.004), religion (x2=9.963, p=0.019), drainage system (x2=9.040,p=0.003), cleared bush around homes (x2=4.714,p=0.029), staying close/far from swamp (x2=9.886, p=0.002) and altitude (x2=13.504, p=0.0002) had statistical significance in association with malaria prevalence. But also, caregivers who didn’t take their children to the health facility when sick (x2=10.155, p=0.017) and household factors like type of house (x2=11.866, p=0.003), preventive measures for mosquito bites (x2=10.155, p=0.017) and source of light used played a significant association with malaria prevalence in the under-fives.

Conclusion.

The Prevalence of malaria was high, and this was influenced by the level of education, religion, drainage system at home, bush around homes, and closeness to the swamp.

Recommendation.

The Ministry of Health should facilitate more studies in different areas on malaria prevalence, health education to caregivers, municipal administrators organizing meetings with plot owners, and government to reduce electricity generation costs in people’s homes to increase lighting.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

Sipho Goge — 2025-03-17

Medical Cannabis sativa inflorescence has gained popularity in recent years due to the therapeutic pharmacological characteristics of its components. Cannabis sativa L.-based drugs are effective in treating a variety of illnesses, including constipation, certain types of pain, epilepsy, and anxiety, among others. The therapeutic potential of medicinal Cannabis sativa has been established in different medical illnesses, such as sleep disorders, nausea, anorexia, emesis, pain, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and cancer. Cannabis inflorescences contain a high concentration of secondary metabolites, primarily cannabinoids and terpenes.

Cannabis phytochemical components known as cannabidiol and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol have significant medicinal importance due to their effects on the central nervous system. Tetrahydrocannabinol is a pharmacological compound used to control and treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as to promote appetite. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified in the plant.

The study aims to assess the medicinal benefit of Cannabis sativa and its impact on socioeconomic development. C. sativa has a wide-ranging impact on socioeconomic development, which has resulted in major economic gains in regions where it has been authorized. Projections indicate that the legal Cannabis market has generated significant tax income, which may be reinvested in community activities. Most clinical trials focused on the Western World, thus leaving a lack of data on how Cannabis sativa affects diverse African communities from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Future research must investigate the impact of cannabis production on poverty reduction and income inequality, as well as how benefits are distributed.

Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae): Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Fruit Extracts.

Phakamani Linda Masuku — 2025-03-05

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Recommendations

Future research is needed to evaluate each bioactive compound's antibacterial activity and efficacy to determine which can be used as components in producing antibacterial medicines and drugs.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS IN RURAL AREAS SURROUNDING BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Dr. (Maj) Mohanty Rajesh Priyadarsan — 2025-03-03

Introduction

Depression, a persistent low mood and aversion to activity, significantly affects thoughts, behavior, and well-being, often emerging during adolescence—a phase of rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. Globally, around 20% of adolescents experience psychological disorders, with depression being the most common.

Aim and objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among adolescent students in rural areas surrounding Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Material and methods

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Ekamra College, Sundarpada, a rural area near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, targeting 11th and 12th-grade students. Exclusions included those with major physical illnesses or diagnosed psychiatric conditions. The study included 220 participants (110 males and 110 females) selected based on roll numbers. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), with students completing the questionnaire based on their feelings over two weeks.

Results

with a mean age of 17 years; the majority (44.54%) were 18 years old. Most participants (84.10%) were Hindus, with 77.29% belonging to the general caste and 22.71% to OBC, SC, or ST categories. The study revealed that 70% of male and 76% of female students experienced depression, ranging from borderline clinical depression to extreme depression.

Conclusions

This study explores depression among rural adolescents in Odisha, identifying sleep duration, outdoor activities, socioeconomic status, parental conflicts, and education as key contributors. Addressing these stressors through improved habits, socioeconomic support, and healthier family dynamics could reduce depression, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in rural youth mental health.

Recommendations

Regular mental health screening programs should be implemented in schools to identify adolescents at risk of depression. Teachers and school staff should be trained to recognize early signs of depression and refer students for further evaluation.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DELAYED UPTAKE OF GLASSES AMONG PATIENTS WITH REFRACTIVE ERRORS AT JINJA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Anicent Asiimwe — 2025-03-10

Background.

Despite the known benefits of wearing glasses for correcting refractive errors, there is a significant delay in the uptake of glasses among patients at Jinja Referral Hospital. This study determined factors associated with delayed uptake of glasses among patients with refractive errors at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital.

Methods.

It was a cross-sectional descriptive study, using quantitative methods was conducted among patients attending Jinja regional referral hospital eye clinic. 100 Respondents were selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Data was analyzed using Excel data base to for quantitative data which was presents in tables and graphs.

Results.

46(46%) of the participants were males, 12(27.78%) were in the age range of 41-50 years, and 41.67% of those participants were diagnosed with visual impairment. 65% of the respondents reported concerns about the social stigma of wearing glasses. The stigma was more pronounced among men (70%), 50% of both men and women felt that wearing glasses affected their appearance particularly younger individuals, 70(70%) of the participants were not aware that glasses can improve vision, 57(57%) were not aware of potential consequences of not correcting refractive errors timely and 52(52%) had not received information about timely correction of refractive errors from health care providers.

Conclusion.

The study established that several key factors, including demographic characteristics, low awareness levels, and social attitudes, significantly contribute to the delay in adopting corrective eyewear. Younger individuals and males were more likely to delay, while limited awareness and social stigma surrounding glasses further exacerbated the issue.

Recommendations.

To improve awareness of the importance of vision correction, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with Jinja Regional Referral Hospital and community leaders, should launch targeted awareness campaigns within the next six months.

TRENDS OF VISUAL DISABILITY CERTIFICATION AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF GUJARAT: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

Dr Neha — 2025-03-01

Background

Visual disability is a major public health issue in India, significantly impacting individuals' quality of life and imposing a substantial economic burden. The government has introduced the Unique Disability ID (UDID) system to provide certification and benefits for persons with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. This study aims to analyse the UDID-certified visual disability certificates issued at a tertiary care centre in Rajkot, Gujarat, to evaluate the degree, causes of visual disability, and identify any gaps in the current certification system.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted at P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot, from January 2017 to December 2022. Data from 500 UDID-certified visual disability certificates, including demographic details, degree of disability, and underlying causes, were collected and analyzed. Inclusion criteria included individuals with a visual disability of 30% or higher. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and results were summarized using mean, median, and range.

Results

A total of 500 UDID-certified certificates were analyzed. The majority (31%) of certificates were issued in the 20–40 years age group, with a male preponderance (69.6%). The most common categories of visual disability were blindness (82%) followed by one-eyed (9.2%) and low vision (8.8%). Retinal diseases (41%), particularly retinitis pigmentosa (15.2%), were the leading causes of disability. Optic atrophy (17.8%) was the second most common cause. The study identified the under-representation of older adults and females in the certification process.

Conclusions

Retinal diseases, particularly retinitis pigmentosa, and optic atrophy were the most common causes of visual disability. The 20–40 years age group predominantly sought UDID certification, primarily for availing government benefits. The study highlights the need to revise the certification criteria to include individuals with less than 40% disability.

Recommendation

Expanding UDID certification at sub-district levels or through outreach camps to ensure broader access and inclusion.

RECURRENT BULLOUS ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME SECONDARY TO HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION IN AN 18-YEAR-OLD MALE: A CASE STUDY.

Abraham Mukalazi — 2025-03-11

Introduction

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, immune-mediated mucocutaneous disorder characterized by characteristic targetoid lesions. The bullous subtype is rare and often triggered by infections such as herpes simplex Virus (HSV). Recurrent EM is strongly associated with HSV reactivation.

Case Presentation

We report an 18-year-old HIV-seronegative male with recurrent bullous erythema multiforme secondary to oral HSV infection. The patient had a two-year history of recurrent blistering episodes occurring every 2-3 months. Laboratory findings confirmed high HSV-1 IgG titers. Histological examination supported the diagnosis of bullous erythema multiforme. The patient was treated successfully with oral acyclovir suppression therapy, leading to a complete resolution of symptoms with no recurrences for six months.

Conclusion

This case highlights the importance of recognizing HSV as a potential trigger for recurrent bullous erythema multiforme and the effectiveness of antiviral suppression therapy in preventing recurrences.

Recommendation

Early identification of recurrent HSV-associated erythema multiforme is crucial for timely intervention. Long-term suppressive antiviral therapy should be considered in patients with frequent recurrences.

BRIDGING THE GAP: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN ADDRESSING UNMET DERMATOLOGY SERVICE NEEDS IN UGANDA

Abraham Mukalazi — 2025-03-17

The demand for dermatology services in Uganda far exceeds the available resources, creating significant unmet needs. Social media platforms offer a cost-effective and accessible solution for bridging this gap. This study examines the role of social media in improving dermatology services by providing education, increasing access to care, and enhancing patient-provider communication. Additionally, it highlights challenges such as misinformation, privacy concerns, and the digital divide while proposing strategies to optimize the benefits of social media in dermatology.

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS TOWARDS DIETARY MANAGEMENT AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Damalie Nantaba — 2025-03-02

Background.

Hypertension is one of the most crucial health problems and chronic diseases in developed and underdeveloped countries, which is further expanded due to ignorance and lack of knowledge. The study assessed the knowledge and attitude of hypertensive patients towards dietary management at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital in the Wakiso district.

Methodology.

A cross-sectional study design was used, employing a quantitative approach to collect data using a semi-structured questionnaire from 36 participants. The information was manually tallied; thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed, followed by presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results.

Most respondents were in the age range of above 50 years (47.2%), (44.4%) had attained secondary education, (61.1%) had good knowledge, 20 (55.6%) of the respondents were not familiar with salt content in common foods, 32 (88.9%) knew the foodstuffs restricted in hypertension, (47.2%) knew that reducing salt intake can help manage hypertension, (94.4%) agreed that consuming a diet rich in fruits vegetables whole grains and proteins positively impact blood pressure. 30(83.3%) participants had a positive attitude towards adding fruits and vegetables to their diet, and 21 (58.3%) respondents strongly agreed that physical exercises have an impact on blood pressure.

Conclusion.

The majority of the participants had good knowledge regarding the relevant dietary approaches needed to stop hypertension. A significant number of the respondents had a positive attitude toward the dietary modifications for proper hypertension control.

Recommendations.

The Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies should strive to increase the awareness and knowledge of hypertensive patients about the importance of consultation and seeking medical services.

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS RELATED TO DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Sanelisiwe Sibusisiwe Vaminhlanhla Ndlovu — 2025-03-01

Introduction

This study assessed diabetes mellitus (DM) knowledge among undergraduate students at a South African University of Technology. Using a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach, the aim was to compare diabetes knowledge between students in health-related and non-health-related fields, evaluate their attitudes toward diabetes education, and assess self-perceived knowledge. With the rising global prevalence of diabetes, particularly among younger populations, this research explores awareness and education gaps regarding diabetes among university students.

Methods

The study involved 206 students aged 18-25 from health-related and non-health-related faculties. A pre-validated questionnaire, consisting of multiple-choice, true/false, and open-ended questions, covered diabetes risk factors, symptoms, complications, prevention, and management. Convenience sampling was used, and data was collected through paper-based and electronic surveys. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while thematic analysis was applied to open-ended responses. Spearman’s correlation assessed the relationship between diabetes knowledge and the field of study.

Results

Of the participants, 89.2% were aware of diabetes. However, significant knowledge differences were observed between students in health-related and non-health-related fields. Health-related students demonstrated a more accurate understanding of diabetes types, diagnostic methods, and risk factors. In contrast, non-health students showed lower knowledge, with many unable to differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative relationship (r = -0.352, p < 0.01) between diabetes knowledge and field of study, indicating that non-health students possessed less knowledge. Furthermore, 32.9% of students rated their knowledge as unsatisfactory.

Conclusion

This study highlights a significant knowledge gap between health-related and non-health-related students. Health-related students showed a more comprehensive understanding, suggesting the need for broader diabetes education for all students across disciplines.

Recommendations

Diabetes education should be incorporated into university curricula, particularly for non-health students, and public health campaigns should be used to raise awareness.

IN VITRO STUDIES ON PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA L. FRUIT PULP AND LAWSONIA INERMIS L. LEAVES EXTRACTS.

Musab Abdelrahim — 2025-03-01

Background

Plant materials are widely used for their healing power, and many studies have shown that compounds isolated from plants exhibit variable biological properties. The present work was aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical contents, evaluate the antioxidant capacities, and investigate the antibacterial activities of Adansonia digitata L (Bombacaceae) fruit pulp and Lawsonia inermis L (Lythraceae) leaves extracts.

Methods

Plant materials were first extracted (separately) by methanolic maceration, then the obtained extracts were utilized for preliminary phytochemical screening tests, in vitro DPPH antioxidant assay, and to determine their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the plate hole diffusion assay.

Results

The preliminary phytochemical screening for L. inermis leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins, while A. Digitata fruit pulp extract gave positive results for tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, and flavonoids. Both plant materials exhibited concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity with relatively similar capacities, which is equivalent to the standard (quercetin) at all concentrations (5, 10, 50, 125, and 250 µg/ml). The recorded growth inhibition for A. digitata was 19mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 18mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis, 15mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 14mm against Escherichia coli. For L. inermis, the inhibition zone was 25mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 20mm for Escherichia coli, 19mm for Proteus mirabilis, 16mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 13mm against Klebsiella pneumonia.

Conclusion

The obtained findings could justify the pharmacological properties and may provide the rationale for some ethnomedicinal uses of these plant products.

Recommendation

Further investigations should be performed as they could enhance the medicinal importance and evaluate the traditional values of these plants.

Association Between Diabetes and Cancer Risk: A Rapid Review of Cohort Studies Published Since 2013 to 2024.

Sinelile Phoseka — 2025-03-01

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are two prevalent and debilitating health conditions worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that diabetes not only increases the risk of developing various cancers but may also worsen cancer progression and complicate treatment outcomes. This rapid review evaluates existing cohort studies that investigate the progression from diabetes to cancer, with a focus on identifying key factors that potentially influence cancer development in diabetic patients.

Methods

25 cohort studies from 2013-2024 sourced from Google Scholar, including prospective, retrospective, and clinical studies examining the relative risk of various cancers in diabetic populations were reviewed. The quantitative cancer risk analyses conducted on people with diabetes in these studies were also reviewed. Studies that did not report risk estimates and studies with cross-sectional or case-control designs were excluded.

Results

The review showed a gradual increase in the number of studies investigating the relationship between diabetes and cancer, with the highest proportion conducted between 2021 (16%) and 2023 (12%). Findings revealed an association of Type 2 DM (T2DM) with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 2.50) and colorectal cancer in men (HR = 1.42). Standardized risk ratios (SRR) revealed stronger associations of T2DM with certain cancers, including endometrial cancer (SRR = 1.81).

Conclusion

When compared with Type 1 DM, T2DM is associated with a higher risk of cancer including pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, and breast cancers. Obesity, glycaemic control, disease duration, and the effects of therapeutic treatment have been highlighted as factors that contribute to this increased risk. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of tailored approaches to cancer risk management in diabetes patients, considering gender, region, and treatment techniques.

Recommendations

Future research should investigate the link between diabetes and cancer, emphasizing underexplored cancer types, diabetes medications, gender, region, and socioeconomic status to enhance cancer prevention in diabetic populations.

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES TOWARDS NURSES’ DOCUMENTATION AT KAYUNGA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KAYUNGA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Norah Namulanda — 2025-03-01

Background

Nurses’ documentation is a critical aspect of healthcare that ensures continuity of care, patient safety, and effective communication among healthcare professionals. However, gaps in knowledge and inadequate documentation practices compromise patient outcomes and legal compliance. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of professional nurses regarding nurses' documentation at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital, Kayunga District.

Methodology

The method was a descriptive cross-sectional study design using quantitative research methods. A structured questionnaire was administered, and a checklist for the practice of professional nurses at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital was selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected on nurses' knowledge and practices regarding documentation and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with results presented in tables, pie charts, and figures.

Results

60% of nurses had adequate knowledge of the importance of documentation, 55% were unaware of the potential consequences of improper documentation, and 53% did not consistently document nursing interventions provided to patients. 78% of nurses practiced real-time or near-real-time documentation, while 68% adhered to standardized documentation protocols.

22 (55%) were between 25 and 44 years old, while the least number of respondents, 2 (5%), were less than 25 years old. The majority, 32 (80%), were female, while the smallest group, 8 (20%), were males. 28 (70%) had attained a certificate in nursing, while the lowest number of respondents, 2 (5%), had attained a diploma in nursing. 24 (60%), had practiced for 1- 5 years, while the smallest group, 2 (5%), had practiced for less than 1 year

Conclusion

The study revealed that nurses understood the importance of documentation but struggled with applying documentation standards in practice.

Recommendation

The study recommended regular training, the use of structured formats, and real-time documentation to improve the quality and accuracy of nursing documentation at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital.

KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH WORKERS TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEM AT HENROB HOSPITAL ZANA IN WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Mukama Crispin T Nuwe — 2025-03-01

Background.

Electronic medical records systems have transformed healthcare delivery, enhanced patient care, and streamlined clinical workflow. However, effective utilization of the electronic medical records systems remains challenging due to issues, data security concerns, and user satisfaction. This study assessed the knowledge of health workers towards the utilization of the electronic medical records system at Henrob Hospital Zana in the Wakiso district.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was used with 68 respondents selected through convenient sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, and data was manually tallied using Microsoft Excel, generating frequency tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results

(54.4%) of the study participants, the majority of the participants were certificate holders (42.6%). 54.4% reported that they knew what EMR stood for, 60.2% reported that they knew the primary purpose of EMR, and 75% reported that they didn’t know the difference between EMR and EHR.

Conclusion.

The majority of the participants had a fair Knowledge of Electronic Medical Records and their benefits.

Recommendations.

Ministry of Health and other responsible stakeholders, including the health workers at Henrob Hospital Zana, should strive hard to educate all health workers about the use of the Electronic Medical records system.