Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

TOF-Guided Rocuronium Administration Shortens Spontaneous Breathing Recovery and Reduces Consumption Compared to Time-Based Dosing: A Prospective Comparative Study

2026-02-02T18:08:10+00:00

Background: Muscle and nerve relaxants, such as rocuronium, are essential in general anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and achieve optimal relaxation during surgery. However, time-based dosing without objective monitoring often leads to cumulative overdoses, residual neuromuscular blockade, and delayed postoperative respiratory recovery. Quantitative four-pulse response monitoring enables precise dosing but remains underutilized, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This study evaluated the effect of four-pulse response-guided rocuronium administration versus conventional time-based dosing on spontaneous respiratory recovery and total muscle and nerve relaxant consumption during elective surgical procedures.

Methods: A prospective, non-randomized comparative clinical study included 150 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class I and II adults (aged 16–66 years) undergoing elective surgery at Al-Badari Hospital (Zakho) and Azadi Teaching Hospital (Duhok) between November 2024 and April 2025. Participants were sequentially divided into two groups: Group T (n=75, time-measured doses) and Group S (n=75, ulnar nerve stimulation-measured doses). Ideal body weight (0.6–1.2 mg/kg) was used to initiate rocuronium anesthesia; maintenance doses were either time-measured (Group T) or titrated according to response (Group S). Primary outcome: time from last dose to spontaneous breathing (minutes). Secondary outcome: total rocuronium maintenance dose (mg). Outliers were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-squared test (SPSS version 23; p-value ≤ 0.05 is statistically significant).

Results: The baseline parameters were similar, with small changes in age and height (p=0.021, 0.004). The TOF group's recovery time was shorter (median (IQR): 20 (10) min vs. 25 (12) min; U=2051.5, p=0.004) and their dosages were lower (6 (7) mg vs. 15 (10) mg; p<0.001). The TOF group had a lower rate of delayed recovery (≥22 minutes) than the other group (35.1% vs. 64.9%; OR=1.875, p<0.001).

Clinicopathological Study of Granulomatous Lymphadenitis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Centre.

2026-03-03T09:16:17+00:00

Background:

The most effective treatment for cholelithiasis symptoms is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, the intraoperative findings determine the operation difficulties. To grade operating complexity, the Cuschieri and Nassar surgical difficulty score systems are frequently employed. It may be possible to anticipate surgical difficulties and enhance perioperative planning by evaluating their correlation with operating time.

Objective:

To assess the correlation between the length of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the Cuschieri and Nassar surgical difficulty levels.

Methods:

This observational study included patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative findings were graded using both Cuschieri and Nassar scoring systems. Operative duration was recorded in minutes. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation between difficulty scores and duration of surgery.

Results:

Longer operating times were substantially correlated with higher Cuschieri and Nassar scores (p<0.05). The length of operation and rising difficulty grades were found to be positively correlated. An increase in age was associated with longer operating times and higher difficulty scores, most likely due to adhesions, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation. The participants' mean age was 41.1±12.17 years. The mean duration of surgery increased significantly with higher difficulty scores. Both Cuschieri and Nassar scores showed a positive correlation with operative duration (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the Cuschieri and Nassar grading systems both accurately predict surgical difficulties. The Nassar score, on the other hand, has a stronger relationship with the length of the operation and could be a more accurate indicator of operating complexity.

Recommendation:

In order to enhance operative planning, patient counseling, surgical training, and risk management, Cuschieri and Nassar's difficulty scores should be regularly implemented into clinical practice. These scores are trustworthy intraoperative predictors of operative length in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Sevoflurane–fentanyl versus propofol–fentanyl for tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blocking agents in elective surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

2026-02-03T10:29:26+00:00

Background

Objectives: To compare sevoflurane–fentanyl versus propofol–fentanyl for tracheal intubation without a muscle relaxant and to assess intubating conditions, laryngoscopic view, apnea, and hemodynamic responses.

Methods

This prospective comparative observational study enrolled 80 ASA I–II adults over 18 months. After fentanyl 2 ug/kg, Group P received propofol 3 mg/kg IV with intubation at 90 seconds, while Group S underwent incremental sevoflurane induction up to 8% with intubation at 5 minutes. Intubating conditions were graded as optimal/good/poor/inadequate, Cormack–Lehane grade was recorded, and apnea was documented. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at baseline, after induction, after intubation, and at 1 and 5 minutes. Group comparisons used the t-test and chi-square.

Results

Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Optimal intubating conditions were achieved more frequently with sevoflurane (92.5%) than with propofol (52.5%), while acceptable conditions were observed in 100% and 82.5% of patients, respectively. Apnea occurred in 12.5% of patients in the sevoflurane group compared with 100% in the propofol group. Laryngoscopic view was comparable between the groups. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure remained similar throughout the observation period. However, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the sevoflurane group at 1 and 5 minutes after intubation compared with the propofol group (p < 0.05), although the values remained within clinically acceptable limits in both groups.

Conclusion

Sevoflurane–fentanyl provided superior intubating conditions with markedly lower apnea incidence and acceptable hemodynamic stability compared with propofol–fentanyl for tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blockade.

Recommendations

In ASA I–II elective cases where a muscle relaxant-free approach is planned, sevoflurane–fentanyl can be considered to optimize intubating conditions and reduce apnea, with continuous monitoring and readiness for rescue neuromuscular blockade.

The clinical profile and progression of patients presenting for total joint arthroplasty at a central Johannesburg hospital – A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-14T11:32:34+00:00

Background

This study aimed to describe the clinical profile and immediate postoperative course of patients presenting for total hip and total knee arthroplasty at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, and explore associations between anaesthetic techniques and postoperative destination and length of hospital stay.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional review was conducted using convenience sampling. Adult patients presenting for primary hip or knee arthroplasty surgery were included in the study, and various statistical methods were used to analyse the data.

Results

The study population included 187 patients, the majority of whom were female. The median age was 67 (IQR 60 to 73). The median BMI was 31.1 kg/m² (IQR 26.5 to 34.5), and 59% of the patients were obese. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (61%), and ASA I and II patients were the most prevalent. Regional anaesthesia (RA) was more frequent (69.5%) than general anaesthesia (GA) (30.5% ). Most patients (94.1% ) were discharged to a ward. Patients who received GA had a more extended hospital stay, a median stay of nine days (IQR 6 to 14 days), than those who received RA. Late discharge was more common among males with a median duration stay of nine days (IQR 6 to 14 days) (p = 0.029). The complication rate was 9.6%, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 1.1%.

Conclusion

In this single-centre cohort, the case-mix was older patients, comorbidity-burdened, and regional anaesthesia was used predominantly. Crude associations were observed between anaesthetic technique and immediate postoperative disposition and/or length of hospital stay. These hypothesis-generating findings require adjusted analyses and external validation.

Recommendation

Further multicentre, prospective studies are recommended to evaluate postoperative outcomes and long-term progression following TJA. The current findings may assist in improving preoperative assessment and healthcare planning in resource-limited settings.

Knowledge and practice of opioid-free anaesthesia for non-bariatric surgery in an academic hospital: A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-11T14:00:36+00:00

Background:

The liberal use of opioids peri-operatively is a matter of concern in contemporary medical practice and carries the risk of numerous potentially undesirable effects. Multimodal Opioid-Free Anaesthesia (OFA) has been proven to reduce the incidence of the potentially undesirable effects of opioids beyond the initial premise of bariatric surgery.

Methods:

This descriptive, contextual, cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 through to February 2023. The study population was limited to 224 anaesthesia providers working in academic hospitals affiliated to the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) Department of Anaesthesiology. The data for this study were collected by distributing an online questionnaire, which was formulated based on the available literature to ensure content validity. Data extracted included: years of anaesthetic experience, professional rank, affiliated Hospital, special training in OFA, and the answers to various aspects of knowledge and practice of OFA.

Results:

143 anaesthesia providers participated in the study. A statistically significant difference in OFA knowledge level was observed among the hospitals, as determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test (H = 13.9, p = 0.046). Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) had the highest percentage of respondents with knowledge of OFA, 38.5% and 25.9%, respectively. A significant number of participants reported not having any knowledge of OFA protocols (p = 0.030); additionally, more participants indicated that their hospital did not have a formal OFA protocol (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The study revealed a lack of knowledge of OFA for non-bariatric surgery and multiple challenges anaesthesia providers are confronted with in the adoption of OFA in clinical practice.

Recommendations:

Training programmes that mandate involvement in research activities, journal clubs, and CPD events focused on OFA. Hospital-specific OFA protocols based on resources available would encourage the practice of OFA.

Open versus closed lateral internal anal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: A prospective randomized comparative study.

2026-02-04T19:17:24+00:00

Background

Chronic anal fissure is frequently associated with internal anal sphincter hypertonia and persistent post-defecatory pain. Lateral internal anal sphincterotomy (LIAS) remains the definitive surgical treatment, but open and closed techniques differ in operative exposure and tissue handling.

Objectives: To compare open and closed LIAS with respect to operative and early postoperative outcomes, including pain, length of stay, complications, and recurrence.

Methods

A prospective randomized comparative study was conducted at St. Philomena Hospital, Bengaluru, between December 2020 and June 2022. Sixty adults with chronic anal fissure were randomized to open LIAS (Notaras technique) or closed LIAS (n=30 each). Outcomes included type of anesthesia, duration of surgery, hospital stay, postoperative pain scores (VAS) at 12 and 24 hours, complications (bleeding, hematoma, infection/abscess), continence status, and recurrence during follow-up.

Results

Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Closed LIAS was performed predominantly under spinal anesthesia and had a shorter operative duration (13.36±3.11 vs 16.60±2.49 minutes). Hospital stay was shorter after closed LIAS (1.30±0.74 vs 2.36±0.80 days). Pain scores were lower in the closed group at 12 hours (2.83±0.87 vs 3.50±1.27) and 24 hours (3.23±0.85 vs 5.30±1.08). Bleeding and hematoma occurred only after open LIAS (6.7% each). No fecal or flatus incontinence was recorded in either group. Recurrence occurred in 6.7% of open LIAS and none after closed LIAS.

Conclusion

Closed LIAS provided faster surgery, earlier discharge, and lower early postoperative pain, with a low complication profile and no continence impairment in this cohort.

Recommendations

Where surgical expertise is available, the closed technique can be preferred for an uncomplicated chronic anal fissure, alongside standardized analgesia, fiber supplementation, and scheduled follow-up.

18f-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (fmiso-pet) as a dual biomarker reflecting hypoxia and cell proliferation activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

2026-03-07T12:41:33+00:00

Background:
Tumor hypoxia and cellular proliferation are critical determinants of malignancy, resistance to therapy, and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Conventional imaging methods are limited in capturing these biological features. 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (FMISO-PET) has emerged as a non-invasive tool for quantifying intratumoral hypoxia, potentially reflecting both hypoxic burden and proliferative activity. However, evidence regarding its diagnostic accuracy, correlation with molecular markers, and prognostic value in OSCC remains fragmented.

Objective:
To systematically evaluate the role of FMISO-PET in assessing tumor hypoxia and cell proliferation activity in OSCC, and to perform a quantitative meta-analysis to determine its pooled correlation with hypoxia and proliferation markers.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to October 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included clinical investigations utilizing FMISO-PET in histopathologically confirmed OSCC patients, reporting correlations with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Ki-67 proliferation index. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using the QUADAS-2 tool. Correlation coefficients were pooled using a random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic, and publication bias was examined using Egger’s test and funnel plots.

Results:
Twelve studies encompassing 476 OSCC patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between FMISO uptake and HIF-1α expression (r = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.49–0.77; p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation with Ki-67 proliferation index (r = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.36–0.67; p < 0.001). No significant publication bias was detected. Subgroup analysis revealed higher correlation strength in advanced-stage tumors and studies employing delayed post-injection imaging (>3 hours). The overall methodological quality of included studies was moderate, with variability mainly arising from heterogeneity in PET acquisition protocols and immunohistochemical scoring.

Upregulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in head and neck squamous cells by promotion of caspase activation by P13K inhibitor HCD – A systematic review.

2026-02-24T07:47:07+00:00

Background

Constitutive activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway promotes tumor cell survival and resistance to apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). 16-Hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide (HCD), a clerodane diterpene isolated from Polyalthia longifolia, has demonstrated pro-apoptotic activity through inhibition of PI3K signaling. This systematic review evaluated whether HCD activates intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways through caspase signaling in HNSCC models.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using predefined Boolean combinations related to HCD, PI3K inhibition, and apoptosis. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Eligible studies were original experimental investigations evaluating apoptosis-related endpoints, including caspase activation, Bax/Bcl-2 modulation, cytochrome-c release, PARP cleavage, reactive oxygen species generation, and PI3K/Akt signaling alterations. Due to heterogeneity in experimental models and outcome reporting, findings were synthesized using structured qualitative narrative analysis.

Results

Five in vitro studies met the inclusion criteria. HCD consistently reduced PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, increased oxidative stress, altered Bax/Bcl-2 balance, induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3. In oral squamous cell carcinoma models, activation of caspase-8 and upregulation of death receptor signaling indicated concurrent engagement of extrinsic apoptosis.

Conclusion

Available preclinical evidence indicates that HCD induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through suppression of PI3K/Akt signaling and activation of both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.

Future research

Further experimental and translational studies, including in vivo investigations and clinical validation, are required to determine the therapeutic potential of HCD in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Evaluating the diagnostic power of liquid biopsy in precision oncology: A narrative review of progress, limitations, and perspectives.

2026-02-11T06:16:04+00:00

In our world today, cancer is one of the most significant challenges to global health, with high morbidity rates. The emergence of liquid biopsy has fundamentally redefined the landscape of precision oncology, transitioning from a theoretical blood-based alternative to an essential clinical tool in precision oncology. where its utility offered a minimally invasive technique in cancer analysis through tumor markers. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure used in cancer analysis to detect specific tumor biomarkers, specifically tracing the path of these biomarkers from benchtop discovery to their current status as FDA-cleared companion diagnostics.

The primary objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the technological, clinical, and regulatory evolution of liquid biopsy over the past quarter century, and to synthesize recent evidence regarding its role in early cancer detection and therapy response prediction. This review emphasizes the transformative impact of ctDNA in detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) and monitoring real-time clonal evolution, which has enabled clinicians to pivot therapies before radiographic progression.

However, to transition this technology from a secondary monitoring tool to a primary screening tool, future research must prioritize the standardization of the pre-analytical protocols and multiple trials so that by bridging the gap between high-tech research and global accessibility, liquid biopsy will have the potential to democratize precision medicine and significantly improve survival outcomes on a global scale.

DEK-AFF2 fusion-associated papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract – A systematic review.

2026-02-18T11:33:17+00:00

Background

Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract is an uncommon malignancy with diverse histopathological features and poorly understood molecular drivers. Recently, a recurrent DEK-AFF2 gene fusion has been reported in a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas displaying papillary architecture and deceptively bland morphology. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate current evidence regarding the clinicopathological and molecular association between DEK-AFF2 fusion and papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS, were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2024. Eligibility criteria included original research articles reporting clinicopathological or molecular characteristics of sinonasal papillary squamous cell carcinoma associated with DEK-AFF2 fusion. Data items extracted included author, year, study design, molecular findings, and clinical outcomes. Study quality was evaluated using the STROBE checklist. A qualitative synthesis of eligible studies was performed.

Results

Four studies met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed literature consistently demonstrated that DEK-AFF2 fusion defines a distinct subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma characterized by papillary growth patterns, bland cytological features, and molecular alterations distinct from conventional sinonasal papillomas or HPV-associated carcinomas. These tumors frequently lacked EGFR or KRAS mutations and typically tested negative for transcriptionally active human papillomavirus. Despite their deceptively low-grade morphology, several studies reported local recurrence and aggressive clinical behavior.

Conclusion

DEK-AFF2 fusion-associated papillary squamous cell carcinoma represents an emerging molecular subtype of sinonasal carcinoma with unique histopathological and genetic characteristics. Recognition of this entity is important for accurate diagnosis and clinical management.

Future research

Further multi-institutional studies integrating genomic sequencing and long-term clinical follow-up are required to clarify the biological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic implications of DEK-AFF2 fusion in sinonasal carcinomas.

Clinicopathological Study of Granulomatous Lymphadenitis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study of Patterns and Aetiological Insights in a Tertiary Care Centre.

2026-03-01T13:35:56+00:00

Background:
Granulomatous lymphadenitis represents a distinctive histopathological response to a wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious causes. Despite tuberculosis being the predominant etiology in developing nations, the diverse morphological patterns often necessitate meticulous clinicopathological correlation to establish a definitive diagnosis.

Objectives:
To analyze the histomorphological patterns of granulomatous lymphadenitis, determine its etiological spectrum, and assess the diagnostic utility of ancillary staining methods in differentiating specific causes.

Materials and Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a two-year period. Fifty lymph node biopsy specimens reported as granulomatous lymphadenitis were included. Detailed clinical data were recorded. Histological examination was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) stain for acid-fast bacilli and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) and Grocott Methenamine Silver (GMS) stains for fungi were employed when indicated.

Results:
The patients ranged from 8 to 72 years (mean 36.8 ± 14.2 years) with a female predominance (M: F = 1:1.3). Cervical lymph nodes were most commonly involved (70%). Caseating granulomas constituted 56%, non-caseating 28%, and suppurative 16%. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent etiology (44%), followed by sarcoidosis (16%), cat-scratch disease (6%), and fungal lymphadenitis (4%), while 30% remained non-specific. Langhans giant cells were observed in 70% of cases, and a significant association was noted between necrosis and AFB positivity (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Tuberculosis continues to be the leading cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis in this region, predominantly affecting cervical nodes. Histopathology supported by special stains remains pivotal for accurate diagnosis.

Recommendations:
Routine use of AFB and fungal stains is strongly advised in all granulomatous lymphadenitis cases. Clinico-radiological correlation should be integrated to improve diagnostic precision and enable early therapeutic intervention.

Policy and legislative responses to climate change impacts on indigenous medicinal plant resources in South Africa. A desktop-based qualitative policy analysis.

2026-01-19T08:10:09+00:00

Background

Indigenous medicinal plants play a critical role in South Africa’s primary healthcare systems, cultural heritage, and biodiversity economy. Climate change poses increasing threats to these resources through altered rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, habitat loss, and increased pressure on harvesting. While South Africa has developed progressive environmental and biodiversity legislation, the extent to which existing policy and legal frameworks respond adequately to climate change impacts on indigenous medicinal plant resources remains insufficiently explored.

Methods

A desktop-based qualitative policy analysis was conducted. Relevant national legislation, policies, strategies, and international agreements ratified by South Africa were systematically reviewed, including environmental management, biodiversity conservation, climate change, and traditional knowledge protection instruments. Data were analysed thematically to assess policy coherence, implementation mechanisms, and alignment with climate adaptation objectives relevant to medicinal plant conservation.

Results

The analysis revealed that South Africa possesses a robust legislative foundation for biodiversity protection, particularly through the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act and associated regulations. However, climate change considerations are often addressed indirectly, with limited explicit integration of medicinal plant vulnerability, community-based adaptation, and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Gaps were identified in policy coordination, implementation capacity, and monitoring of climate-driven impacts on medicinal plant populations.

Conclusion

Although South Africa’s policy and legislative frameworks provide a strong basis for biodiversity conservation, they inadequately address the specific and emerging risks posed by climate change to indigenous medicinal plant resources. The absence of targeted adaptation measures and weak integration of traditional knowledge limit the effectiveness of current responses.

Recommendations

The recommendation would be that climate change adaptation strategies explicitly incorporate indigenous medicinal plant conservation, strengthen community participation, and enhance cross-sectoral policy alignment. Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems with scientific monitoring can improve resilience and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources under changing climatic conditions.

Mapping urban heat islands in Durban (2010–2025). A longitudinal ecological remote sensing study.

2026-01-19T08:13:59+00:00

Background
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are an escalating environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanising cities, particularly in the Global South. Durban, a major coastal city in South Africa, has undergone significant land-use and land-cover transformation over recent decades, potentially intensifying surface temperature dynamics. Understanding long-term UHI trends is essential for supporting climate-resilient urban planning, reducing heat-related risks, and promoting sustainable city development.

Methods
This study adopted a longitudinal ecological remote sensing design to assess UHI dynamics in Durban between 2010 and 2025. Multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel satellite imagery were used to derive land surface temperature (LST) and classify land-cover types. Spatial analysis techniques were applied to examine temperature distribution patterns, while temporal trend analysis and correlation statistics were used to evaluate associations between LST and land-cover changes, including built-up expansion, vegetation loss, and coastal proximity.

Results
Findings indicate a consistent intensification of UHI patterns over the 15-year period. Mean LST in densely built-up areas increased from 28.4 °C in 2010 to 31.2 °C in 2025 (+2.8 °C), while vegetated zones recorded a smaller increase of +1.2 °C. Impervious surface expansion (approximately 20%) showed a strong positive correlation with elevated LST values (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). Inland urban zones demonstrated a statistically significant warming trend (β = 0.18 °C per year, p < 0.05), whereas areas with high vegetation cover and coastal influence exhibited cooling effects of up to 2 °C relative to industrial zones.

Recommendations
Urban planners and policymakers should prioritise green infrastructure development, protect and restore vegetated areas, and integrate heat mitigation strategies into land-use planning frameworks. Institutionalising remote sensing-based monitoring systems is essential to support evidence-based climate adaptation and sustainable urban management in Durban.

Mapping climate change impacts on the distribution and conservation status of key indigenous medicinal plants in south Africa. A cross-sectional GIS-based spatial analysis.

2026-01-19T08:06:05+00:00

Background
Indigenous medicinal plants are central to primary healthcare, cultural practices, and biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Climate change, characterised by rising temperatures, shifting rainfall regimes, and recurrent droughts, poses increasing risks to their distribution and conservation status. Spatial evidence on how climate variability affects key medicinal plant species remains limited. This study mapped climate change impacts on the distribution and conservation status of selected indigenous medicinal plants to inform climate-responsive conservation planning.

Methods
A cross-sectional GIS-based spatial analysis was conducted using species occurrence records obtained from national biodiversity databases, herbarium collections, and published sources. Climate variables, including mean annual temperature and precipitation, were derived from established climate datasets. Spatial modelling was applied to assess current distribution patterns, climate suitability, and vulnerability hotspots.

Results
The analysis identified measurable contractions and altitudinal shifts in climatically suitable habitats for several species, including Artemisia afra, Aloe ferox, Warburgia salutaris, and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Habitat suitability declined by 18–35% in interior provinces experiencing warming trends exceeding 1.5 °C over recent decades. Approximately 42% of identified high-risk vulnerability hotspots were located outside formally protected areas, increasing exposure to land-use pressures. Species already listed as Vulnerable or Endangered showed higher overlap with areas of projected climatic stress, with up to 30% of their current distribution ranges falling within high-temperature and low-rainfall zones.

Conclusion
Climate change is reshaping the spatial distribution and increasing the conservation vulnerability of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa. GIS-based spatial analysis provides actionable evidence for identifying at-risk species and priority intervention areas.

Recommendations.
Climate adaptation should be integrated into biodiversity management frameworks, with expanded protection in identified hotspots, strengthened sustainable harvesting regulation, and long-term monitoring of climate–biodiversity interactions.

Climate change effects on the availability, potency, and conservation of African indigenous medicinal plants. A systematic literature review.

2026-01-19T08:21:20+00:00

Background
African indigenous medicinal plants play a critical role in primary healthcare, cultural heritage, and biodiversity conservation. However, climate change driven alterations in temperature, rainfall patterns, soil moisture, and fire regimes are increasingly threatening plant distribution, growth, and phytochemical integrity. The objective of this review was to synthesise existing evidence on the impacts of climate change on the availability, phytochemical composition, and conservation status of African indigenous medicinal plants.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Search terms included climate change, medicinal plants, phytochemistry, traditional medicine, and Africa. Studies reporting climate-related effects on medicinal plant distribution, bioactive compound composition, harvesting pressure, or conservation status were included. Data were extracted and thematically synthesised across ecological, biochemical, and conservation dimensions.

Results
Sixty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Most reported that rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and shifting rainfall patterns have reduced the abundance and geographic range of key medicinal species, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Several studies demonstrated that climate-induced stress alters phytochemical profiles, often leading to reduced concentrations of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils. Increased harvesting pressure linked to declining availability further exacerbates extinction risks, especially for slow-growing and wild-harvested species.

Conclusion
Climate change is simultaneously reducing both the availability and therapeutic potency of African indigenous medicinal plants while increasing their vulnerability to overexploitation, posing serious risks to traditional healthcare systems and biodiversity conservation.

Recommendations
Climate-smart conservation approaches, targeted cultivation of high-value medicinal species, and systematic phytochemical monitoring should be integrated into national biodiversity, health, and climate adaptation policies.

A systematic review of the pharmacological properties of Artemisia afra (African wormwood): A literature-based systematic review design.

2025-11-04T17:53:29+00:00

Background
Artemisia afra (African wormwood) is widely used in African traditional medicine for treating respiratory infections, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammatory conditions. In recent years, scientific interest has increased in validating its phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic relevance. This systematic review evaluated published evidence on the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical relevance of A. afra to determine the extent to which traditional uses are supported by scientific research.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using predefined search terms related to Artemisia afra and its pharmacological activities. Eligible studies included phytochemical analyses, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, toxicological investigations, and limited clinical trials. Articles lacking experimental data or not published in English were excluded. The level of evidence of included studies was classified, with most evidence derived from preclinical laboratory studies (Level III–IV) and a small number of pilot clinical studies (Level II). Data were extracted and synthesised narratively.

Results
A total of 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. Phytochemical analyses consistently identified flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils, and phenolic compounds as major constituents. Experimental studies demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antifungal, and bronchodilator activities. In vivo studies supported efficacy in respiratory and malaria models, while toxicological evidence indicated low adverse effects at traditional dosage ranges. However, human clinical evidence remains limited.

Conclusion
Available scientific evidence supports several traditional uses of Artemisia afra, particularly for respiratory and inflammatory conditions. Nonetheless, higher-level clinical evidence is required.

Recommendation
Future research should focus on well-designed clinical trials, standardised dosing, and safety evaluation to support evidence-based integration into healthcare systems.

Conservation and commercialisation: A cross-sectional ecological study of medicinal plant use in KwaZulu-Natal.

2025-11-03T16:15:43+00:00

Background
Medicinal plants play a vital role in healthcare, livelihoods, and cultural identity in KwaZulu-Natal. However, increasing commercialization and unsustainable harvesting threaten their long-term availability. Over-exploitation, habitat loss, and unregulated trade have placed several high-value species at ecological risk. This study assessed the sustainability of medicinal plant use in KwaZulu-Natal by examining conservation status, harvesting pressure, habitat change, and commercialization trends without involving human subjects.

Methods
A desk-based research design was implemented using published scientific literature, herbarium records, Red List assessments, and government or NGO reports. In addition, a non-destructive ecological survey was conducted through rapid vegetation assessments and species presence mapping in accessible habitats. Sustainability indicators included conservation status, plant parts harvested, regeneration potential, habitat transformation, market demand, and legal protection. Each species was classified using a Sustainability Index (0–100) to determine ecological risk levels.

Results
The analysis identified multiple widely used medicinal plants, including Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Warburgia salutaris, and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Species with high commercial demand and destructive harvesting of bulbs, roots, or bark showed limited natural regeneration and were mostly located in areas of pronounced land-cover change. Plants occurring inside protected areas generally received higher sustainability scores compared to those on communal land. Overall, most high-value species fell within the moderate-to-high ecological risk category, suggesting declining wild populations and increased harvesting pressure.

Conclusion
Medicinal plant use in KwaZulu-Natal remains culturally and economically significant, yet current harvesting practices and habitat degradation are ecologically unsustainable. Slow-growing species and those subject to destructive harvesting are particularly vulnerable.

Recommendations
Sustainability can be improved through cultivation programmes, community-based harvesting guidelines, and stronger conservation policies. Expanded monitoring, propagation research, and nursery-scale commercialization may reduce pressure on wild populations while maintaining traditional and economic benefits.

Mapping urban heat islands in Durban (2010–2025): A cross-sectional remote sensing study.

2025-11-03T16:31:25+00:00

Background
Urban heat islands (UHIs) occur when built-up surfaces absorb and retain heat, causing higher temperatures in urban areas than in surrounding natural environments. Durban has undergone rapid urban expansion over the past decade, potentially intensifying UHI effects and increasing heat-related risks. Remote sensing provides a reliable method to monitor long-term surface temperatures and associated land-cover changes. This study mapped spatio-temporal UHI patterns in Durban between 2010 and 2025 and examined their relationship with land-cover transformation.

Methods:

A spatio-temporal remote sensing design was used. Landsat 7, Landsat 8 (USGS), and Sentinel-2 (Copernicus) satellite images were acquired for 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025, focusing on dry-season scenes to reduce cloud interference. Land Surface Temperature (LST) was computed using mono-window and split-window algorithms. Land-cover classes were generated through supervised classification and validated using Google Earth reference points. Change-detection techniques quantified vegetation loss, built-up expansion, and temperature shifts. Spatial analysis in the Geographic Information System was used to examine the relationship between LST and land-cover type.

Results
Surface temperatures increased steadily between 2010 and 2025. The highest LST values were concentrated in the CBD, industrial areas, and rapidly urbanising townships. Vegetated spaces and coastal zones remained significantly cooler. Classification results showed a notable increase in impervious surfaces and a corresponding decline in natural vegetation. Hotspot maps confirmed a clear expansion of UHI zones over time, strongly linked to land-cover conversion from green space to built environments.

Conclusion
Urban growth in Durban has intensified UHI effects over the last 15 years. Built-up surfaces consistently recorded higher temperatures than vegetated and coastal areas, demonstrating the moderating role of green infrastructure.

Recommendations
Urban greening, protection of remaining natural areas, and adoption of reflective or permeable building materials are recommended. Continued satellite monitoring should inform climate-adaptation and heat-risk mitigation planning.

Knowledge regarding vasectomy among men aged 45-60 years attending Outpatient Services at Mubende Referral Hospital, Mubende District. A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-02T11:41:21+00:00

Background:

Vasectomy remains one of the most effective permanent family planning methods for men, yet its uptake continues to be extremely low. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge regarding vasectomy among men aged 45–60 years attending outpatient services at Mubende Referral Hospital.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional design using a quantitative approach was employed. Sixty-one respondents were selected through convenience sampling, and data were collected using structured questionnaires. Findings were analyzed using SPSS to generate frequencies and percentages, then presented using figures and tables.

Results:

Majority of the respondents, 37 (61%), were aged 50–54 years. 47 (77%) were married. 26 (43%) had attained secondary education. 26 (43%) had between one and two children. 24 (39%) were unemployed. 32 (52%) had heard about vasectomy but were unsure what it was, and the minority, 8 (13%), were aware and knew vasectomy details. 44 (72%), indicated that no health worker had ever discussed vasectomy with them, while a minority, 17 (28%), said yes. 35 (57%), first heard about vasectomy from mass media such as radio, television, or newspapers, and the minority, 2 (3%), from church or mosque. 42 (69%) reported that vasectomy does not affect sexual performance, and the minority, 3 (5%), thought it improves sexual performance. 40 (66%) knew that vasectomy is only available in government hospitals, while the minority, 9 (14%), knew that in all health facilities. 34 (56%) rated health providers’ efforts in educating men about vasectomy as poor, while the minority, 3 (5%), rated them as fair.

Conclusion:

Knowledge about vasectomy among men aged 45–60 years at Mubende Referral Hospital was generally low, despite some awareness of the method.

Recommendation:

Health workers should increase education and awareness on vasectomy through health facilities and mass media to improve men’s knowledge and uptake of the method.

Level of awareness about diabetes among adults attending services at Entebbe Grade B Hospital, Wakiso District.A Cross-sectional study.

2026-02-01T14:10:47+00:00

Background:

Awareness about diabetes is an important component in the prevention, early detection, and effective management of the disease. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of awareness about diabetes among adults attending services at Entebbe Grade B Hospital in Wakiso District.

Methodology:

Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions from adults attending services at Entebbe Grade B Hospital in Wakiso District. The completed questionnaires were checked for completeness, coded, and entered into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages.

Results:

All 35 (100%) participants had heard about diabetes. Common complications of poorly managed diabetes included poor vision/sight 7 (20%), delay in wound healing 5 (14%), and severe headache 23 (66%), with no participants having experienced none. 33 (94%) of the participants believed that stress and poor sleep could affect their blood sugar levels, whereas only 2 (6%) did not believe it.

Conclusion:

Adults attending services at Entebbe Grade B Hospital in Wakiso District were generally aware of diabetes since all participants had heard about the disease.

Recommendation:

Healthcare workers at Entebbe Grade B Hospital should strengthen patient health education on diabetes causes, risk factors, complications, and management. Regular awareness programs should be conducted to improve patients’ understanding of the disease.

Utilisation of eye care services offered by Entebbe regional referral hospital among adults of Kambarange Nyerere barracks, Entebbe municipality. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-12T20:39:03+00:00

Background:

In Uganda, 1% of the population is blind, and 5.6% suffer from moderate to severe visual impairment. The purpose of the study was to assess knowledge, factors, and strategies to improve the utilisation of eye care services offered by Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital among adults residing in Kambarange Nyerere Barracks, Entebbe Municipality.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used employing quantitative methods of data collection. In a duration of 3 days, 30 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and it involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analysed manually, and after the findings were entered into a Microsoft Excel 2013, which was then presented in the form of tables, pie-charts, and graphs.

Results:

Out of the 30 participants sampled in the study, the majority were male (60%) and predominantly older adults aged 50 years and above (33%), with most having secondary education (47%). Awareness of available eye care services was generally low, with 67% not aware of the services and 70% having never attended any eye health education session, although 80% had previously visited a health facility for eye-related problems. Institutional challenges were notable, with 50% reporting poor accessibility of eye care facilities, 50% unsure about service affordability, and 63% experiencing waiting times longer than one hour.

Conclusion:

There was low awareness, limited accessibility, financial uncertainty, and institutional barriers that significantly hindered the utilisation of eye care services, despite community willingness to engage in improved outreach and support initiatives.

Recommendation:

The study recommends strengthening health education, expanding accessible and affordable eye care services, and enhancing community outreach to improve overall service utilisation.

Prevalence of sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait among children below 17 years of age attending Entebbe regional referral hospital in Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-25T10:58:41+00:00

Background:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that affects the shape of hemoglobin in the red blood cell, leading to the formation of a sickle shape. This study aims to determine the Prevalence of sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait among children below 17 years of age attending Entebbe Regional Hospital, Wakiso district, Uganda.

Methods:

This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at Entebbe regional referral hospital, which included 100 respondents who were selected using a purposive and convenience sampling technique, and data were collected prospectively by administering researcher-guided questionnaires.

Results:

The study participants, 55% (55/100), were female, and the age range of respondents was 0– 17 years, 45.0% (45/100) were aged 6-11 years. The Prevalence of sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait among respondents was 19.0% (19/100), with 6% (6/100) respondents found having the homozygous form, HbSS, and 13% (13/100) found having the heterozygous form, HbAS. 86% (86/100) of the respondents had heard about sickle cell, and the majority, 92% (92/100) of the parents had children that had never been screened for sickle cell, with only 8% (8/100) of the children ever screened. 39% (39/100) of the parents reported knowing the cause of sickle cell disease, with the majority, 61% (61/100), not knowing how SCD is caused. 65% (65/100) of the parents of respondents reported that sickle cell is transmitted from parent to child, 17% (17/100) did not know how SCD is transmitted.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait was high, while the majority of the participants lacked knowledge about sickle cell screening.

Recommendations:

There is a need for health facilities to scale up screening services for sickle cell disease in the community so as to enable early diagnosis and treatment of the disease and reduce morbidity and mortality.

Effect of rainfall variability on tea growing in Kyamuhunga tea estate. A cross-sectional study.

2026-03-16T10:06:49+00:00

Background

Water availability is the most important factor for crop productivity in rain-fed agriculture. This study examines how changes in rainfall affect tea growing.

Methods

This study adopts a cross-sectional research design to gather data. It employed quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research topic. The research design includes surveys, interviews, and observations to collect primary data, as well as the review of existing literature to supplement the findings.

Results

The key findings reveal that rainfall variability had a significant positive influence on tea growing since the p-value is less than 0.05. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r=.566) shows a positive, moderately significant influence of rainfall variability on tea growing. This implies that any positive changes in rainfall variability led to a positive change in tea growing in the Kyamuhunga Tea estate. The results also indicate that a unit increase in rainfall variability will result in a 0.321 increase in tea growing (B=.321, p=0.000 < 0.05).

Conclusions

Rainfall variability had a significant positive influence on tea growing, and there was a moderate, significant influence of rainfall variability on tea growing. This implies that any positive changes in rainfall variability led to a positive change in tea growing in the Kyamuhunga Tea estate.

Recommendation

The study recommends that, for tea farmers, considering implementing irrigation systems to supplement water during periods of low rainfall. Tea growers should collaborate with researchers and institutions to stay updated on the latest techniques and practices.

Prevalence and factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant mothers attending antenatal services at Entebbe regional referral hospital in Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-24T19:24:11+00:00

Background:

Pregnant women represent a vulnerable group due to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and mother-to-child transmission. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HBV infection among pregnant mothers attending antenatal services at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital in Wakiso District.

Methodology:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 128 pregnant women selected using simple random sampling. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Blood samples were obtained and tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using rapid diagnostic test kits following standard laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed using SPSS and presented in tables and figures.

Results:

The prevalence of HBV infection among the participants was 7.0% (9/128), indicating intermediate endemicity. Higher infection rates were observed among mothers aged 30–34 years (13.3%), single mothers (19.2%), those with no formal education (14.3%), and rural residents (11.9%). Behavioral and medical factors significantly associated with HBV infection included having multiple sexual partners (14.3%), sharing sharp instruments (12.5%), a history of blood transfusion (8.3%), and tattooing or piercing (8.3%). Vaccinated participants had a lower prevalence (3.6%) compared to unvaccinated mothers (9.7%), suggesting a protective effect of vaccination.

Conclusion:

The study revealed a moderate prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care, with behavioral risk factors and lack of vaccination being key contributors. Strengthened preventive interventions are therefore necessary.

Recommendations:

Routine antenatal HBV screening should be enhanced, vaccination programs expanded for women of reproductive age, and health education intensified to improve awareness of transmission and prevention.

Health system factors influencing TB drug adherence among patients aged 15 to 35 years attending health services at Entebbe regional referral hospital, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-02T11:47:54+00:00

Background:

The study aimed to assess socio-demographic factors and explore health system-related factors influencing drug adherence among TB patients aged 15 to 35 years attending health services at Entebbe regional referral hospital, Wakiso district.

Methodology:

This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design. A sample of 50 participants was determined using Barton’s formula and selected through simple random sampling over a 10-day period, with five respondents recruited daily. Data were collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaires administered by the researcher in both English and Luganda. Data were analyzed manually using tally sheets and Microsoft Excel to generate frequencies and charts. Ethical approval was obtained, informed consent secured, and confidentiality strictly maintained throughout the study.

Results:

Out of 50 participants, 45 were enrolled, yielding a 90% response rate. The mean age was 30 years, with most respondents aged 31 to 35 years (44.44%), followed by 26 to 30 years (26.67%), 21 to 25 years (17.78%), and 15 to 20 years (11.11%). Regarding health system factors, 55.56% traveled from distant islands of Buvuma and Kalangala, 28.89% from Entebbe and Mpigi districts, and 15.55% lived near the hospital. Missed appointments were reported by 77.78%, attributed to long waiting times, poor communication, rudeness of health workers, and drug stockouts. Among those missing refills, 85.71% used herbal remedies. Only 10 respondents received follow-up calls or counseling, while 35 (77.78%) reported no guidance, follow-up sputum testing, or support on drug adherence.

Conclusion:

Poor TB drug adherence was associated with socio-economic, social, and health system challenges.

Recommendation:

Communities should provide social support and encouragement to TB patients throughout their treatment period to improve adherence.

Level of HIV-related knowledge toward stigma among adolescents living with HIV attending Kitebi Health Centre III, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-02T10:38:44+00:00

Background:

Adolescents’ knowledge about HIV and related stigma is crucial for promoting adherence to treatment and reducing discrimination. This study aims to determine the level of HIV-related knowledge toward stigma among adolescents living with HIV attending Kitebi Health Centre III, Wakiso district.

Methodology:

This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design. It consisted of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years getting their treatment at Kitebi Health Centre III. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft Excel.

Results:

The majority of adolescents in the study were aged 15–19 years, accounting for 72% (n = 20) of the participants, while the remaining 28% (n = 8) were aged 10–14 years. Females were the most represented gender, comprising 60% (n = 43) of the sample, with males making up the remainder. Most adolescents had been enrolled in HIV care for over one year, with the largest group (45.2%) having been in care for more than three years. Regarding living arrangements, the majority (68.5%, n = 50) lived with their biological parents, while a smaller proportion resided with other relatives. Concerning awareness of HIV stigma, most adolescents demonstrated good knowledge. A very high percentage (98.6%, n = 72) recognized stigma through hurtful words, and the majority (82.2%, n = 60) understood that with proper treatment, they could live healthy lives. These findings indicate a generally high level of awareness regarding both HIV and the impact of stigma among the adolescents surveyed.

Conclusion:

Adolescents showed good knowledge of HIV and stigma, but internalized stigma still affects some behaviors. Awareness alone is not enough to fully prevent negative attitudes or practices.

Recommendations:

Strengthen targeted health education and psychosocial support for adolescents living with HIV. Promote peer support and youth-friendly services to improve adherence and coping.

Knowledge, risk factors and preventive strategies of Hypertension among Babcock University students in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study.

2025-11-27T19:05:57+00:00

Aim

Hypertension is the most common, modifiable, non-communicable disease in the world and the leading risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. This research assessed the knowledge, risk factors and preventive strategies of hypertension among Babcock University students.

Method

A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, involving 384 students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Findings from this study reveal that majority (87.5%) were within the age range of 18–25, (91.7%) had a high level of knowledge of hypertension. Major identified risk factors included family history (71.6%), lack of exercise (70.3%), smoking (69.8%), being overweight (67.2%), and alcohol consumption (63.3%). While respondents recognized preventive measures such as regular exercise (84.4%), reducing alcohol (79.7%) and salt intake (79.2%), actual adherence to these practices was inconsistent, and only 6.5% were hypertensive. A significant gender-based difference in knowledge was observed (p = 0.006<0.05), and a weak but significant positive correlation existed between knowledge and preventive practices (r = .195, p = .0001).

Conclusion

The study concludes that while knowledge of hypertension is high, preventive practices remain suboptimal. These findings underscore the need for targeted health education interventions to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice.

Recommendation

There is a need to strengthen behavioural change among university students through sustained health education and lifestyle interventions.

Knowledge of voluntary safe medical male circumcision among adults aged 15-49 years attending OPD at Mubende regional referral hospital. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-31T17:47:02+00:00

Background:

The study aimed to examine the knowledge of voluntary safe medical male circumcision among adults aged 15- 49 years attending the OPD at Mubende regional referral hospital.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted among males aged 15–49 years attending the OPD at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital. A total of 107 participants were selected using simple random sampling via a lottery method. Data were collected through structured close-ended questionnaires in English or Luganda. Piloting at Mityana General Hospital ensured validity. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using SPSS v24, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, ensuring confidentiality and voluntary participation.

Results:

The majority of respondents, 76 (71%), were aged 36–49 years, while 31 (29%) were aged 15–35 years. Slightly more than half were married (62, 58%), and 45 (42%) were unmarried. Most respondents had completed primary education or below (84, 78.5%), whereas only 23 (21.5%) had secondary education or higher. Most respondents, 67 (63%), knew the major health benefit, but 60 (56%) were unaware of potential risks or complications. Only 32 (29.9%) knew the type of pain control used during the procedure, while 71 (66.4%) understood what happens during VMMC. Knowledge of wound healing was low, with 80 (74.8%) unaware of the correct healing time, and follow-up knowledge was limited, as 90 (84.1%) did not know when to return to the health facility.

Conclusion:

Limited knowledge of VMMC, including its risks, pain control methods, healing time, and follow-up schedule, reduced its uptake.

Recommendation:

Standardized pre-procedure counseling covering risks, pain control, healing, and follow-up should be provided at all outreach and facility contacts.

Factors predisposing to hepatitis B viral infection among psychoactive substance users in Nateete, Kampala district, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-26T10:07:15+00:00

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global public health concern, particularly among high-risk populations such as psychoactive substance users. This study assessed factors predisposing to HBV infection among psychoactive substance users in Nateete, Kampala District.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 psychoactive substance users in Nateete Parish, Lubaga Division, Kampala District. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize findings.

Results:

The majority of participants were female (73.3%), aged 26–45 years (86.7%), and unemployed (60%). Predisposing factors to HBV infection included low income (40% earning ≤5,000 UGX monthly), unemployment, multiple sexual partnerships (40% reporting more than two partners), and prolonged residence in the area. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance (37.3%), followed by khat (26.7%) and marijuana (21.3%).

Conclusion:

Psychoactive substance users in Nateete are exposed to multiple socioeconomic and behavioral factors that increase their vulnerability to HBV infection, particularly unemployment, low income, risky sexual practices, and alcohol use.

Recommendations:

There is a need to strengthen targeted HBV screening and vaccination programs among substance users, integrate harm-reduction services with sexual health education, improve access to affordable vaccination, and implement community-based awareness campaigns focusing on high-risk populations in urban informal settlements.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors at Nakasero blood bank, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-25T10:38:04+00:00

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health concern, causing chronic infections, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma despite available vaccines. This study examined the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors at Nakasero blood bank kampala district.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Uganda Blood Transfusion Services (UBTS), Nakasero, Kampala District. A total of 150 voluntary blood donors, aged 18–60 years, who consented to participate, were included. Participants were selected using purposive, simple random, and systematic sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS v20.0, with results presented as frequencies and percentages.

Results:

The overall HBV prevalence was 15% (23/150), higher among males (8.6%) than females (6.6%). Among 150 donors, 67.3% were male and 32.7% female, with the majority aged 18–25 years (51.3%). The most affected age group was 26–35 years (52%), followed by 18–25 years (29.3%). Key risk factors included alcohol use (58%), multiple sexual partners (54%), dental surgery history (38.6%), and cohabitation with an HBV-positive individual (40.6%). Knowledge about HBV transmission and prevention was moderate, with 54.7% having ever heard of HBV and 64.7% reporting vaccination.

Conclusion:

HBV remains prevalent among blood donors at Nakasero Blood Bank, with higher rates among males and specific age groups. Behavioral and knowledge-related factors contribute significantly to HBV risk.

Recommendations:

Routine and mandatory HBV screening for blood donors should be enforced. Public health campaigns to raise awareness about HBV transmission and prevention, along with expanded vaccination coverage, are essential.

A qualitative case study of traditional healing approaches to mental health and emotional well-being in African communities.

2025-07-21T18:05:25+00:00

Background
Mental health disorders are increasing globally, yet many African communities continue to rely on traditional healing practices for emotional and psychological well-being. Traditional healers often function as spiritual guides and informal therapists, addressing conditions such as depression, anxiety, grief and trauma. This study explored the contribution of traditional healing to mental health support in rural African communities and examined perceptions of effectiveness, trust, and collaboration with formal healthcare services.

Methods
A qualitative case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 30 participants from two rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants were purposively selected and included 10 traditional healers, 10 community members with lived experience of traditional mental health care, and 10 community health workers. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis.

Results
Of the 30 participants, 60% were female, and 40% were male, with ages ranging from 28 to 67 years (mean age: 45 years). Among traditional healers, 80% had more than ten years of practice experience, while half of the community members reported repeated use of traditional mental health services. Community health workers had an average of five years of service. Findings revealed that traditional healing practices are deeply embedded in spiritual beliefs, ancestral communication, and communal support systems. Rituals, herbal remedies, and cleansing ceremonies were regarded as central to emotional healing, particularly for spiritually or family-related distress. Traditional healers were highly trusted, whereas collaboration between traditional and biomedical practitioners was limited, largely due to mutual scepticism and the absence of formal integration frameworks.

Conclusion
Traditional healing plays a vital and culturally relevant role in mental health support in rural African communities, especially where formal services are limited.

Recommendation
Policy frameworks that promote respectful collaboration, culturally sensitive training, and community education are essential to support integrated mental health care models.

Health facility factors influencing utilization of premarital sickle cell trait screening services among the youth attending Entebbe regional referral hospital, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T19:22:58+00:00

Background

The study aims to assess the health facility factors influencing uptake of premarital sickle cell trait screening services.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted among 40 youths aged 18 years and above. Convenience sampling was employed. Data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, checked for completeness, coded, and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Findings were presented using frequencies, percentages, tables, and figures.

Results

33 (82.5%) of the respondents were unemployed, and 7 (17.5%) were employed. The majority, 36 (90%), had never received counselling about premarital sickle cell trait screening, and 4 (10%) had received counselling. 23 (57.5%) lived 3–5 km away from the facility, while the least 5 (12.5%) lived below 2 km. Concerning the availability of equipment, 37 (92.5%) did not know about the equipment, while at least 1 (2.5%) reported that it was not available. During other care, the majority, 35 (87.5%), were not educated about sickle cell trait screening, whereas at least 5 (12.5%) were educated. The majority (72.5%) of the respondents mentioned a few facilities offering sickle cell trait screening service as a factor influencing their uptake, while (12.5%) cited lack of reagents.

Conclusion

Health facility factors like long distances, few screening centers, and limited outreach influenced the uptake of premarital sickle cell trait screening.

Recommendation

Health Facilities should increase accessibility by establishing more centers that offer premarital sickle cell trait screening services, including outreach services for remote areas.

Individual and socio-cultural factors influencing male involvement in family planning decision-making among men attending Ndejje Health Center IV, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T07:55:53+00:00

Background:

The study aimed to determine the individual and socio-cultural factors influencing male involvement in family planning decision-making among men attending Ndejje Health Center IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology:

This descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted at Ndejje Health Centre IV, Wakiso District, to assess male involvement in family planning decision-making. A sample of 50 men was calculated using the Kish and Leslie (1965) formula at a 95% confidence level with a 10% non-response rate. Participants were conveniently selected. Data were collected over five days using structured researcher-administered questionnaires covering demographic, individual, and sociocultural factors. Data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel and presented as frequencies and charts. Validity, reliability, ethical approval, informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were ensured.

Results:

The study included 50 men attending Ndejje Health Centre IV. Most respondents were aged 39-58 years (58%), while 16% were aged 59 years and above. A large proportion were cohabiting (40%), followed by singles (32%) and married men (16%). Nearly half were businessmen (46%), and 38% had attained secondary education, while 14% had no formal education. All respondents (100%) were aware of family planning methods. However, 78% reported unstable income, and 4% had no income. Although 82% personally supported family planning, 70% believed women are mainly responsible for FP decisions. More than half (54%) felt men have no role in FP, 76% sometimes avoided FP discussions due to stigma, 94% lacked social support, and 76% reported no religious encouragement for male involvement.

Conclusion:

Men's involvement in decision-making remained low due to unstable income and persistent socio-cultural barriers such as stigma, lack of social and religious support, and the belief that family planning is primarily a woman’s responsibility.

Recommendation:

The Ministry of Health should prioritize the integration of male-focused reproductive health programs.

The individual factors influencing the work-life balance of nurses and midwives at Mukono Church of Uganda Hospital. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T07:31:35+00:00

Background

The study aimed to identify the individual factors influencing the work-life balance of nurses and midwives at Mukono Church of Uganda Hospital.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 32 nurses and midwives at Mukono Church of Uganda Hospital using purposive sampling. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires, both electronic and face-to-face, covering demographic, individual, and health facility-related factors affecting work-life balance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Excel and thematic analysis for interviews. Validity and reliability were ensured through expert review and a pilot study. Ethical approval, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the study.

Results

Among the 32 respondents, most were aged 25–34 years (42.7%) and female (68.7%). The majority were married (53.1%) with 1–2 dependents (43.7%) and had 6–10 years of work experience (34.4%). Midwives represented 53.1% of the sample, while nurses represented 46.9%. Regarding work-life balance, 40.6% reported being unable to balance work and family duties at all, whereas 9.4% balanced easily. Emotional effects sometimes influenced work-life management for 37.5%, while 15.6% reported no effect. Fatigue due to work and family demands affected 31.3% strongly, and 21.9% were neutral. Most respondents (40.6%) had limited personal time, 28.1% rarely had time, and 21.9% had no personal time. Family support was not supportive for 43.7%, somewhat supportive for 28.1%, and very supportive for 21.9% of respondents.

Conclusion

Nurses and midwives at Mukono COU Hospital struggle with work-life balance due to heavy workloads, fatigue, limited personal time, and insufficient support.

Recommendation

Hospitals should improve staffing, shift management, and support systems, while staff should seek family support and practice self-care to enhance work-life balance.

Prevalence of drug abuse among youth in Mubende Regional Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-31T18:32:05+00:00

Background:

Understanding the prevalence of drug abuse among youth is essential for assessing the magnitude of the problem and guiding appropriate public health interventions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of Drug Abuse among Youth in Mubende Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology:

The study adopted a cross-sectional study design in which quantitative data were collected. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 54 respondents. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and results were generated and presented in tables, charts, and graphs.

Results:

Most of respondents 33(61.1%) were aged 20-25 years whereas 21(38.39) were aged 15-19 years. Majority of the respondents 42(77.78%) were male while 12(22.22%) were female. Most of them, 25(46.3%), had attained primary education, whereas the least, 7(12.96%), had attained tertiary education. A significant number of youths, 44(81.48%), were Christians. The leading source of income was business 21(38.89%), and the least 13(24.07%) reported salary as their main source of income. 50(94%) reported having used a drug at a point in their life, whereas 4(6%) reported not having used a drug. Alcohol was the most commonly abuse drug 34(62.96%), following by khat 9(16.67%), then marijuana 5(9.26%), and the least abused was aviation oil 3(5.56%) and kuber 3(5.56%). 36(66.67%), started using drugs between 13 and 15 years, whereas the least number, 4(7.41%), started using drugs above 15 years. 42(77.78%), reported daily drug use, whereas the least4(7.41%) reported using drugs once a month.

Conclusion:

Drug abuse is a significant concern among youth, highlighting the need for focused public health and clinical interventions.

Recommendation:

Implement routine screening and targeted prevention programs to reduce substance use and its associated risks.

Abortion among young adults aged 18 to 25 years, attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV, A Cross-sectional Study.

2025-12-02T14:26:23+00:00

Background:

The rate of abortions in Uganda is concerning, with abortion-related deaths increasing, most especially among young mothers. This study thus focused on investigating the factors associated with increased abortions among young adults aged 18-25 years at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology:

The study employed a cross-sectional design at Kajjansi Health Centre IV for a period of three months, from May 2025 to August 2025. An estimated 114 respondents obtained through simple random sampling participated in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results:

Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents were single (44.7%) or separated (17.5%), with 59.6% acknowledging that marital status influenced their decision to seek abortion. Educational attainment was relatively high, with 70.2% affirming that education affected their reproductive choices, and 85.1% reporting prior exposure to reproductive education. Despite this, 75.4% had decided to abort, and 75.4% expressed only moderate confidence in that decision.

Economic vulnerability was evident, with 74.6% of the respondents identifying as low-income and nearly one-fifth unemployed. While 48.2% cited economic status as a factor in abortion decisions, access to safe abortion services remained moderate, 57.9%, with 13.2% reporting no access at all.

Conclusion:

Financial insecurity is key in reproductive decision-making, often pushing young adults towards abortion due to the inability to support the child. Whereas unstable relationships significantly contribute to abortion, education is a double-edged factor.

Recommendation:

These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions that enhance reproductive health education, economic empowerment, and access to safe abortion services within this demographic.

Knowledge of health workers towards the prevention of healthcare associated infections at Kajjansi Health center IV. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-30T13:00:06+00:00

Background

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are largely preventable but remain a major public health concern, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aims to assess the knowledge of health workers towards the prevention of healthcare-associated infections at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from health workers who were present and consented during the data collection period, selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed manually using Microsoft Excel and presented using pie charts and bar graphs.

Results

Most respondents, 20 (41.7%), were aged 26–35 years, while only 3 (6.2%) were aged 51–65 years. Females constituted 28 (58.3%) of the participants. A similar proportion, 15 (31.3%), had either 1–5 years or 6–10 years of work experience, whereas only 3 (6.3%) had more than 15 years of experience. 18 (37.5%) held certificates, and only 1 (2.1%) belonged to other categories. Respondents demonstrated adequate awareness of infection prevention protocols, modes of transmission, and common causative organisms. They expressed concern about acquiring infections and acknowledged the importance of guidelines and training.

Conclusion

Health workers at Kajjansi Health Centre IV demonstrated generally good knowledge of infection prevention and control measures.

Recommendations

Kajjansi Health Centre IV should strengthen and regularly conduct in-service training programs focused on infection prevention and control to enhance health workers’ knowledge.

Harnessing science for real-world challenges: A cross-sectional study of community-based sustainability innovations.

2025-12-10T19:02:00+00:00

Background
Community-based sustainability innovations are increasingly important in addressing socio-ecological challenges associated with environmental degradation, climate vulnerability, and resource constraints. However, empirical evidence on how these innovations function and contribute to community resilience remains limited. This study assessed the characteristics, effectiveness, and enabling factors of community-based sustainability innovations across diverse contexts.

Design
A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed to capture a snapshot of sustainability initiatives at a single point in time, enabling comparative analysis across innovation types and implementation environments.

Methods
Data were collected from 120 participants, including community leaders, project coordinators, youth groups, and environmental practitioners. A structured questionnaire measured quantitative indicators such as participation intensity, resource-use efficiency, and environmental outcomes. Qualitative data were derived from document analysis of project reports, policy documents, and case study narratives. Descriptive statistics and cross-case comparison were used to synthesise findings.

Results
Four categories of sustainability innovations were identified: ecological restoration (32%), sustainable agriculture (27%), waste-to-resource initiatives (23%), and water conservation technologies (18%). Projects demonstrating strong scientific grounding, high levels of local ownership, and multi-stakeholder partnerships achieved significantly higher composite impact scores (mean score = 78.4%) compared to projects lacking these characteristics (mean score = 52.1%). Access to scientific expertise (reported by 71% of initiatives), community training (68%), supportive local governance (61%), and integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) (64%) were key enabling factors. Major challenges included limited funding (reported by 74% of projects), inadequate technical support (59%), and inconsistent policy alignment (46%). Across all categories, initiatives combining scientific methods with community-led implementation showed the strongest sustainability outcomes.

Conclusion
Community-based sustainability innovations can effectively address environmental challenges when supported by scientific knowledge, active community participation, and institutional coordination.

Recommendation
Strengthened partnerships, sustained capacity building, integration of IKS, participatory monitoring, and targeted funding are essential to enhance long-term sustainability outcomes.

Determining the level of knowledge regarding effective wound cleaning among nurses aged 22 years and above working at Rakai General Hospital, Rakai District. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-10T08:13:45+00:00

Background

Wound cleaning is a critical component of wound care that involves the removal of dead tissue, dirt, bacteria, and other contaminants to prevent infection and promote healing. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of nurses aged 22 years and above regarding effective wound cleaning at Rakai General Hospital, Rakai District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used to collect data from 32 nurses at Rakai General Hospital who were sampled using a purposive sampling technique within a period of 3 days. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire, coded, analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2019) programs, and findings were presented in frequency tables, graphs, and pie-charts.

Results

Out of 32 respondents sampled, 20(62.5%) were females. 16(50%) of the respondents reported patient loads as a hindrance to effective cleaning of a wound, while a few 6(18.75%) mentioned limited supervision. Knowing how to use antiseptics was identified by 15(46.9%) of respondents as a factor that made wound cleaning safer, while frequent exposure to complex wounds was mentioned by 5(15.6%). 18(56.3%) indicated that regular in-service training plays a major role, whereas hospital rules were recognized by a minimal number of 5(15.6%). 22(68.75%) reported that workshops contribute significantly to improving knowledge, while infection team talks were mentioned by only 6.25% (n=2), making it the least selected option.

Conclusion

Although many nurses understood basic wound-care principles such as the use of saline, hand hygiene, and antiseptic application, gaps still existed due to high patient loads, limited documentation, and inconsistent refresher training.

Recommendation

The Management should provide regular in-service training and workshops focused on wound-care guidelines, aseptic techniques, and documentation skills to improve nurse competence and consistency.

Knowledge of contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women aged 10 - 24 years at Kiyindi landing site, Buikwe district, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-14T10:16:44+00:00

Background

There have been several other efforts targeting adolescent girls and young women to foster their behavioural change by way of improving their knowledge, attitudes, and practices of contraceptive use. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of contraceptive use among AGYW (10-24Years) at Kiyindi landing site.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with quantitative methods of data collection. Data was entered and analysed using Stata statistical software version MP 14.0, Stata Corporation. Descriptive statistics were used for bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

More than half of the respondents (55.7%, N = 377) were aged between 20 and 24 years. Bivariate Analysis of knowledge about contraception and Use by Respondents showed that Knowledge about the importance of leaving a space at the tip when putting on a condom (ꭓ²=54.887, p-value of .000), importance of the man to pull out right after ejaculation when using a condom (X²=21.073, p-value of .000), wearing two latex condoms to provide extra protection (ꭓ²=3.486, p-value of .041), Women “taking a break” from the pill every couple of years (ꭓ²=8.277, p-value of 0.003), women switching to another type or brand of pill when having side effects with one kind of pill, (ꭓ²=3.896, p-value of .032), a woman having a pelvic exam as a must in order to get a birth control pill (ꭓ²=4.743, p-value of .020), and a woman using an IUD even if she had never had a child (ꭓ²=4.135, p-value of .029) were significantly associated with respondents’ use of contraception.

Conclusions

Respondents were found to be moderately knowledgeable about contraception

Recommendations

Health workers should teach the community about family planning holistically to increase awareness, so that family planning utilization will be enhanced

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants utilized for treating skin inflammation in the Robertson area, Western Cape, South Africa.

2026-02-11T10:42:57+00:00

Background

Skin inflammation remains a common dermatological condition affecting quality of life globally. In many South African communities, traditional medicine continues to serve as a primary healthcare resource. This study documents medicinal plants used for treating skin inflammation in the Robertson area of the Western Cape and evaluates associated ethnobotanical knowledge.

Methods

A qualitative ethnobotanical survey was conducted between March and June 2024 in Robertson, Western Cape. Thirty informants (28 males and 2 females) aged 18 years and above were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews, which were pilot-tested before data collection, were conducted and lasted approximately 30–60 minutes. Data collected included plant species used, parts utilized, preparation methods, dosage, growth habits, and socio-demographic characteristics. Ethical clearance was granted by the Mangosuthu University of Technology Research Ethics Committee (REF: RD5/59/2024; approved 15 February 2024).

Results

A total of 30 plant species belonging to 22 families were documented. The dominant families were Asphodelaceae and Asteraceae (n = 3 each). Shrubs constituted the highest growth habit category (43.33%), followed by herbaceous plants (16.67%). Leaves were the most utilized plant part (60.98%). Infusion (35.14%) was the most frequently reported preparation method, followed by decoction and poultice (18.92% each). Aloe ferox, Bulbine frutescens, Centella asiatica, and Gomphocarpus fruticosus were the most cited species.

Conclusion

The findings illustrate the rich tradition of herbal medicine in the Robertson region and highlight the cultural significance of these indigenous plants in traditional therapeutic practices, emphasizing the need for conservation and further research on these species.

Recommendation

Preservation of this knowledge and conservation of plant species are crucial.

Health worker-related factors contributing to Delayed HealthCare Service Delivery among Health Workers at the Outpatient department of Luweero Hospital, Luwero District. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T07:44:23+00:00

Background:

Delayed health care service delivery significantly affects patient health outcomes. The study aimed to identify health worker-related factors contributing to Delayed HealthCare Service Delivery among Health Workers at the Outpatient department Luweero Hospital, Luwero District.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive study was conducted among 40 health workers at the Outpatient Department of Luwero Hospital, selected from a population of 45 staff using Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using frequencies and percentages in Microsoft Excel 2016. Purposive sampling was used. Validity was ensured through expert review, reliability through pretesting with 10 respondents, and ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.

Results:

Among the 40 respondents, most were aged 29-39 years (42.5%), had certificate-level education (45%), and were nurses (47.5%). Half of the health workers (50%) reported never receiving refresher training. Staffing was a major concern, with 50% describing staff numbers as very few and only 20% reporting adequate staffing. Heavy workload was the main factor affecting motivation for 70% of respondents, while only 7.5% cited good pay and recognition. Teamwork was rated as very good by 50%, though 17.5% described it as poor. Supervision was inadequate, as 42.5% reported that supervisors rarely checked their work or provided feedback. Job satisfaction was generally low, with 45% of respondents reporting dissatisfaction and only 15% indicating satisfaction with their jobs.

Conclusion:

Delayed healthcare service delivery at the facility is largely driven by staff shortages, low motivation, inadequate supervision, and poor job satisfaction.

Recommendation:

The hospital administration and relevant authorities should recruit more health workers to reduce workload, minimize burnout, and improve the speed of service delivery.

A systematic review on the factors associated with utilization of maternal healthcare services at the primary healthcare setting among Hausa women in Nigeria.

2026-02-06T16:54:09+00:00

Introduction

The utilization of Maternal Health Services (MHSs) is important to reduce and manage the complications that may arise during pregnancy. This review from literatures identified the factors that discourage the utilization of maternal healthcare services among Hausa women in Nigeria.

Methods

A systematic mixed studies review was carried out on studies done in Nigeria from the year 2020 to 2025 to synthesize findings from quantitative and qualitative studies. The review adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Peer-reviewed articles were searched through several electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, and Science Direct. After quality appraisal, 9 papers that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in the review.

Result

Findings from the review showed that cultural and religious practices, mothers’ level of education and age, ignorance, insufficient health workers, long waiting period, history of pregnancy complications, and shortage of drugs were factors that hindered utilization of maternal health services in the primary health setting among Hausa women in Nigeria.

Conclusion

This review has added to knowledge on the importance of maternal health by exploring the factors associated with the utilization of maternal health services, thus providing support to researchers and practitioners. It also offers evidence that policymakers can use to develop a culture-sensitive approach to address the issues that hinder Hausa women from utilizing maternal health services, thus leading to healthier pregnancy outcomes for the upcoming generation.

Recommendation

The government should allocate more funds to the primary health centers and ensure that the primary healthcare center is well equipped with basic amenities, including the provision of manpower for better maternal health outcomes and service utilization.

Perspectives of cancer patients and palliative care health professionals regarding the content and user preferences for a text message-based intervention in palliative care in Western Uganda:

2025-12-05T14:01:35+00:00

Introduction:

This study explores the perspectives of cancer patients and palliative care health professionals regarding the design of a text message-based intervention in Western Uganda. Recognizing the critical role of palliative care in improving quality of life amidst resource constraints, the research investigates user preferences for message content, format, tone, frequency, language, and additional features.

Objective:

To examine the perspectives of cancer patients and health professionals about the use reminder text-message-based intervention in a palliative care setting in Western Uganda.

Methodology:

Employing a qualitative, phenomenological approach, focus group discussions with patients and healthcare providers at Mobile Hospice Mbarara and Little Hospice Hoima elicited nuanced insights aligned with the Health Belief Model.

Results:

Key findings highlight the importance of personalized, culturally sensitive messages that encompass medication adherence guidance, appointment reminders, emotional support, and health education. Participants favored concise, clear language with a caring tone, delivered weekly during mid-morning hours, and in local languages like Runyankore and English. Emphasis was placed on including warning signs, motivational content, and a contact mechanism for feedback. Both patients and professionals underscored the need for messages to foster trust, self-efficacy, and active health management. Integrating these preferences can enhance engagement, adherence, and psychosocial well-being among patients.

Conclusion:

The findings provide practical guidance for developing culturally appropriate mHealth interventions such as reminder text messages tailored to resource-limited settings, ultimately aiming to improve palliative care delivery and patient outcomes in Western Uganda.

Recommendation:

Further research should assess the effect and effectiveness of reminder text messages on the quality of life of cancer patients receiving palliative care in Western Uganda.

Knowledge and attitudes towards utilization of male condoms among youths in Entebbe regional referral hospital, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-10T08:26:57+00:00

Introduction

Knowledge about condom use is generally widespread, as condoms are one of the most promoted methods for preventing both sexually transmitted infections. The study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude towards the utilization of male condoms among youths in Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Wakiso District.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted among 40 youths selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, checked for completeness, coded, and entered into Microsoft Excel (2022) for analysis, and findings were presented using frequencies, percentages, and graphical summaries.

Results

The majority, 18 (45%) of respondents were aged 25–29 years, and 8 (20%) were aged 18–24 years. 25 (62.5%) stated that awareness of PrEP or long-acting contraceptives reduces the need to use condoms, the majority 34 (85%) said condoms reduce the chance of STIs and unintended pregnancy, the majority 37 (92.5%) knew how to use condoms, while 3 (7.5%) did not. 26 (65%) strongly agreed that condoms reduce sexual pleasure. Regarding side effects, the majority, 21 (52.5%), disagreed that condoms have bad side effects. 22 (55%) strongly disagreed to use condoms. 33 (82.5%) strongly agreed that condoms prevent infections.

Conclusion

Although most youths (85%) demonstrated good knowledge of the protective benefits of condoms, a significant portion lacked adequate understanding of proper condom storage (55%), revealing a gap in practical knowledge essential for effective use.

Recommendation

Policy Makers should strengthen the implementation of comprehensive sexuality education at the community and school levels to address myths surrounding condoms and promote informed decision-making among youths.

Incidence and Outcome of Hyponatremia in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis: A Prospective Observational Study.

2026-02-13T08:27:06+00:00

Background:

Acute bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Electrolyte disturbances, particularly hyponatremia, are increasingly recognized as markers of disease severity.

Objectives:

To determine the incidence of hyponatremia in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis and evaluate its association with disease severity and clinical outcomes.

Methods:

A hospital-based prospective observational cohort study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics at Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Bihar, India, over one year. One hundred children aged 1 month to 2 years admitted with acute bronchiolitis were enrolled. Serum sodium was measured within 24 hours of admission. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium <135 mEq/L. Disease severity was assessed using the Bronchiolitis Clinical Score (BCS). Outcomes included duration of hospital stay, oxygen therapy, PICU admission, and mechanical ventilation.

Results:

Hyponatremia was observed in 32% of children. Most cases were mild (75%) and moderate (25%). Hyponatremia was significantly associated with higher BCS scores. Hyponatremic children had longer hospital stay (7.15 ± 1.4 vs. 4.92 ± 1.1 days; p<0.001), prolonged oxygen therapy (52.8 ± 12.4 vs. 34.6 ± 9.2 hours; p<0.05), higher PICU admission (15.6% vs. 4.4%; p=0.038), and increased mechanical ventilation (9.3% vs. 1.4%; p=0.045).

Conclusion:

Hyponatremia is common in hospitalized bronchiolitis and is associated with increased severity and adverse outcomes.

Recommendation:

Routine serum sodium monitoring, particularly in moderate to severe bronchiolitis, is recommended to aid early risk stratification and optimize fluid management.

Prevalence and factors associated with birth asphyxia among neonates born in Mubende regional referral hospital, Mubende district, Central Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

2026-03-04T13:50:00+00:00

Introduction

Birth asphyxia is a significant cause of neonatal mortality and lifelong morbidity worldwide. In Uganda, 28.6% of neonatal and 48% of perinatal deaths are due to birth asphyxia. Uganda recorded an average of 30 cases of asphyxia; the highest prevalence of 60 cases per 1000 live births being identified in Bundibugyo, Iganga and Mubende. There is scarcity of health facility-based data explaining this trend. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with birth asphyxia among neonates born in Mubende regional referral hospital in Mubende district, central Uganda.

Methods

A quantitative cross sectional study design was used. Sample size of 97 was determined using Kish and Leslie formula (1965). 97 Mother-baby pairs were sampled consecutively. Paper based interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Data was entered into EpiData and exported to STATA 14 for analysis.

Results

96 mother-baby pairs were included in the final analysis. Prevalence of asphyxia was 4.17%. Of the 4 asphyxiated neonates, all (100%) were of male sex, born to mothers who were; of rural residence, referred to Mubende RRH in labour and had attained only primary level of education or less, while 3 (75%) had meconium-stained liquor. However, maternal education was the only factor association with birth asphyxia, higher education being protective against asphyxia (AOR 0.0606, P=0.0265, 95%CI 0.0008874 - 0.8189651)

Conclusion

The prevalence of birth asphyxia was high in our study indicating that 42 in every 1000 babies born in Mubende RRH are at a risk of birth asphyxia. Male neonates, rural residence, referral status, meconium staining, lower level of education contributed to birth asphyxia.

Recommendation

There is need to strengthen referral systems and prioritize mothers with male fetuses and lower education backgrounds to minimize asphyxia related mortality and morbidity.

Optimizing Therapy Intensity and Treatment Sequencing for Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomised Crossover Trial in Zambia.

2026-02-12T15:21:01+00:00

Background:

Spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) is the most prevalent cerebral palsy subtype, causing significant long-term motor disability. Optimal therapy intensity and treatment sequencing remain poorly understood, particularly in African low-resource settings.

Objectives:

This study aimed to: (1) compare treatment effects of Standard versus Higher-Intensity physiotherapy protocols on spasticity, motor function, and goal attainment in children with SCP; and (2) examine whether treatment sequencing (Higher-Intensity-first versus Standard-first) influences cumulative treatment effectiveness.

Method:

A randomised, assessor-blinded AB/BA crossover trial enrolled 30 children aged 3 months to 4 years with SCP at a tertiary hospital in Zambia. Participants received a Standard Protocol (2 sessions/week × 40 minutes) and Higher-Intensity Protocol (3 sessions/week × 60 minutes), each for 12 weeks with a 2-week washout. Sequence allocation was randomised. Outcomes included spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale), gross motor function (GMFM-88), and goal attainment (Goal Attainment Scaling).

Results:

The Higher-Intensity Protocol produced significantly superior outcomes across all measures: greater spasticity reduction (mean difference 1.0–1.1 points, p<0.001), GMFM improvement (+24.8±5.2% vs +12.1±4.1%, p<0.001), and goal attainment (median +1.5 vs +0.5, p<0.001). Treatment sequencing significantly influenced cumulative outcomes, with Higher-Intensity-first children showing 13–15% greater overall improvement (p<0.015). No significant carryover effects were detected (p=0.67).

Conclusion:

Higher-intensity physiotherapy produces clinically and statistically superior outcomes in children with SCP. An initial 'burst' therapy approach followed by maintenance protocols represents an evidence-based strategy for resource-constrained settings.

Recommendations:

Clinicians should prioritise higher-intensity physiotherapy in early treatment phases, supplemented by structured caregiver-assisted home routines. Policymakers should consider 'burst' therapy models to optimise outcomes within limited healthcare resources.

Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Multi-Organ Involvement in Chronic Diseases: A Prospective Observational Study.

2026-02-27T11:59:10+00:00

Background:

Chronic diseases are often associated with persistent systemic inflammation, which may contribute to progressive multi-organ dysfunction. Inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have been proposed as potential indicators of disease severity and organ involvement.

Objective:

To evaluate the predictive value of inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR, IL-6, and NLR) for multi-organ involvement among patients with chronic diseases.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted over a 12-month period at Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India. A total of 100 adult patients diagnosed with chronic diseases were included. Baseline inflammatory markers, including CRP, ESR, IL-6, and NLR, were measured. Organ involvement (cardiac, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary) was assessed through clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations, and imaging studies. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and logistic regression to determine associations between inflammatory markers and organ involvement.

Results:

Multi-organ involvement was observed in 46% of patients. Mean levels of CRP, IL-6, and NLR were significantly higher among patients with involvement of two or more organs (p < 0.001). IL-6 demonstrated the strongest correlation with the number of organs involved (r = 0.62), followed by CRP (r = 0.58).

Conclusion:

Elevated inflammatory markers, particularly IL-6 and CRP, are strong predictors of multi-organ involvement in patients with chronic diseases and may serve as useful tools for early risk stratification.

Effects of apple cider vinegar on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and anthropometric outcomes in adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

2026-02-26T10:47:50+00:00

Background:

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is widely used as a complementary dietary intervention for improving metabolic health, yet clinical evidence regarding its efficacy remains inconsistent.

Objectives:

To systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs evaluating the effects of apple cider vinegar on anthropometric measures, glycaemic control, lipid profile, and related metabolic outcomes in adults.

Methods:

This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to January 2025. Randomized or controlled clinical trials in adults (≥18 years) evaluating oral apple cider vinegar as a standalone intervention for at least two weeks were included. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. Eleven RCTs were included, with overall risk of bias ranging from low to high; inadequate blinding was the most frequent limitation. The protocol was not prospectively registered, and findings were synthesized narratively.

Results:

Eleven randomized controlled trials involving over 750 participants were included. Most studies enrolled individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity, or dyslipidaemia. ACV supplementation (15–30 mL/day for 4–12 weeks) consistently reduced fasting blood glucose and produced modest improvements in HbA1c among diabetic participants. Significant reductions in triglycerides and total cholesterol were observed in dyslipidaemic populations, while effects on LDL-C and HDL-C were variable. Modest but significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were reported, particularly in overweight or obese individuals. ACV was generally well tolerated, with only mild gastrointestinal adverse effects.

Conclusions:

Apple cider vinegar supplementation provides modest but clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control, lipid parameters, and anthropometric outcomes, particularly in individuals with metabolic disorders. ACV may serve as a safe adjunctive dietary intervention; however, larger and longer-term trials are required to confirm sustained benefits.

Neuromuscular scoliosis: A narrative review on pathophysiologic mechanisms and precision-based management.

2026-01-11T06:27:29+00:00

Scoliosis is a complex, three-dimensional spinal deformity, with Neuromuscular Scoliosis (NMS) representing its second most common and arguably most intricate subtype. Arising from diverse neuropathic and myopathic disorders such as cerebral palsy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and spinal muscular atrophy, NMS is characterized by aggressive, multiplanar progression that often results in significant functional decline, pelvic obliquity, and compromised cardiopulmonary reserve. The pathophysiology of NMS is rooted in the failure of dynamic spinal stabilization due to muscular imbalance or denervation. Diagnosis has evolved through advanced imaging, including ultra-low-dose CT and AI-assisted analysis, within a Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) framework. Management strategies are shifting from traditional definitive spinal fusion toward growth-preserving techniques such as magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) and minimally invasive bipolar fixation (MIBF) to minimize surgical morbidity and accommodate skeletal growth. Early recognition and individualized, multidisciplinary management are essential, and integration of molecular therapies with precision surgical approaches represents a paradigm shift toward preventive and personalized care in neuromuscular scoliosis. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on neuromuscular scoliosis to enhance understanding of its mechanisms, clinical evaluation, and evolving management strategies. It covers etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, surgical and non-surgical treatments, and emerging advances, including minimally invasive techniques and gene-based therapies.

Reimagining Bell’s Palsy Care: Integrating Evidence-Based Medicine, Surgical Innovation, and Neurorehabilitative Advances

2026-01-02T07:05:47+00:00

The most prevalent cause of acute unilateral lower motor neuron facial paralysis is Bell's palsy due to reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1, which causes intraneural inflammation and edema in the narrow labyrinthine portion of the Fallopian canal. Recent evidence reiterates the use of early corticosteroid therapy as the gold-standard intervention by which full recovery can be achieved, with significant enhancement of complete recovery rates in cases where early antiviral therapy is used, but only in cases of severe muscular paralysis or suspected viral reactivation. Electrodiagnostic studies involving electroneuronography (ENoG) and electromyography (EMG) continue to play a central role in prognostication and surgical decision-making, with over 90% degeneration predicting poor spontaneous recovery as well as the small group who might benefit in terms of early facial nerve decompression through transmastoid or middle cranial fossa surgeries. In patients who have suffered irreversible paralysis, the late-stage reanimation procedures, such as nerve transfers, cross-facial nerve grafts, and free functional muscle transfer, can be of significant use in providing dynamic movement and facial symmetry. Neuromuscular retraining, biofeedback, photobiomodulation, and specific botulinum toxin therapy are also included in the rehabilitation modalities that contribute further to the improvement of functional outcomes and control of synkinesis. The latest technological developments, such as 3D photogrammetry, deep-learning-based facial movement quantification, and multi-omics profiling, make it possible to achieve individual diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning more and more. This study aims to enhance the perspective of adjunctive therapies, improve the application of surgical criteria, and develop predictive models that can lead to optimal patient care.

Priestly philosophical formation and psychological well-being of catholic priesthood candidates at Queen of Apostles Philosophy Centre, Jinja, Uganda: A convergent parallel design.

2026-01-08T08:34:17+00:00

Background

This study was purposed to establish the relationship between priestly philosophical formation and psychological well-being of catholic priesthood candidates at Queen of Apostles Philosophy Centre, Jinja, Uganda.

Methodology

A convergent parallel design through qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. The findings were drawn from qualitative data collected through interviews with 12 formators and 56 seminarians who participated in the survey, as well as secondary data from reports and literature.

Results

The findings reveal mean (M = 2.4143, SD = 1.40958) a potential gap in the relational dynamics between formators and seminarians; (M = 2.3499, SD = 1.29156), formation activities may not be adequately tailored to foster a sense of belonging, practical preparation, or spiritual growth among seminarians; (M = 2.1643, SD = 1.29274) formation rules are perceived as overly restrictive, potentially undermining seminarians’ psychological well-being and vocational development; (M = 3.7500, SD = 1.32501) urgent need to address the psychological challenges faced by seminarians in formation; (M = 3.9607, SD = 1.22751) seminarians’ awareness of their psychological needs and their support for proactive strategies to address these needs. Formation activities, formation rules (FR), and psychological well-being (PW) reveal a strong negative correlation of r= -0.859 and -0.883, which is statistically significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), as indicated by the p-value of 0.000. In other words, stricter formation activities and formation rules might be associated with lower levels of psychological well-being among the participants.

Conclusion

This study concludes that there is no statistically significant relationship between formators' attitude and psychological well-being, although there is a strong negative relationship between formation activities, formation rules, and psychological well-being.

Recommendation

The study recommends that seminary leadership and formators should provide continuous training in pastoral counseling, emotional intelligence, and mental health first aid.

Lost in translation: A systematic review of psychological distress among English-speaking degree holders in the French professional system.

2026-02-18T09:41:28+00:00

Background

Skilled migration is central to European labor market sustainability; however, the professional integration of foreign-trained degree holders remains uneven across national systems. In France, English-speaking migrants with higher education qualifications encounter structural barriers related to diploma recognition, language proficiency, and institutional practices. Despite increasing attention to migrant integration, limited scholarship has systematically examined the psychological implications of these professional constraints within the French context.

Methods

This study presents a systematic desk review of peer-reviewed literature, policy reports, and grey literature addressing the professional and psychological experiences of English-speaking degree holders in the French professional system. Sources were identified through structured database searches and policy document analysis, with thematic synthesis used to identify recurring structural and psychosocial patterns.

Results

Three interrelated findings emerge. First, complex and prolonged diploma recognition procedures significantly delay or fragment professional integration. Second, underemployment and occupational downgrading are widespread, leading to persistent skill underutilization. Third, these structural barriers are closely associated with psychological distress, including stress, anxiety, identity disruption, and diminished well-being. Language operates not only as a communicative barrier but also as an institutional gatekeeping mechanism limiting access to professional networks and career mobility. Informal coping strategies—such as reliance on expatriate networks, retraining, and alternative career pathways—partially mitigate these challenges, yet structured institutional support remains limited.

Conclusion

The evidence demonstrates a clear association between professional exclusion and psychological strain among English-speaking degree holders in France, revealing a structural–psychological integration gap.

Future research

Further empirical studies are needed to quantify mental health outcomes, examine longitudinal integration trajectories, and evaluate targeted institutional interventions that combine diploma recognition reform, bilingual professional guidance, mentoring frameworks, and integrated psychosocial support.

Reablement in mental health: A scoping review

2025-12-23T11:28:20+00:00

Background
Mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, psychosis, and schizophrenia, significantly impact global well-being. Reablement— a goal-oriented, time-limited, multidisciplinary intervention—supports independence and reduces reliance on long-term care services. However, its role in functional (non-organic) mental illness is unclear, and evidence remains limited.

Aim: This scoping review aimed to map existing research on reablement for people with functional mental illness. The objectives were to identify diagnoses involved, evaluate mental health outcomes, explore user experiences, and highlight knowledge gaps for practice and policy.

Method
The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological framework. Searches were conducted in Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid Emcare, PubMed, and Cochrane, supplemented by non-indexed sources. Studies were eligible if they involved community-dwelling adults with functional mental illness or reported mental health outcomes of reablement. The selection process for eligible studies followed the Prisma 2020 flowchart procedure. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data. Findings were reported using descriptive synthesis, and qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results
Seven studies met the inclusion criteria: five quantitative, one qualitative, and one mixed-methods. Diagnoses identified included psychosis, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Reported outcomes suggested potential benefits in independence, quality of life, hope, empowerment, and family relationships, though effects were inconsistent. Thematic findings indicated that empowerment, flexibility in delivery, and social or family support positively influenced experiences. Evidence was heterogeneous, and few studies focused specifically on mental health populations, limiting generalisability.

Conclusions
Reablement appears to hold promise as a recovery-oriented, community-based intervention for people with functional mental illness. However, current evidence is sparse and lacks diagnostic specificity.

Future research

Robust, controlled studies are needed to determine effectiveness, refine delivery models, and guide clinical and policy decisions.

Patterns and determinants of postpartum physical activity among women attending postnatal care in Lusaka, Zambia: A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-11T09:41:32+00:00

Background:

Postpartum physical activity is vital for maternal recovery and long-term health, but participation rates are low, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Zambia. This study focused on assessing the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and factors influencing postpartum physical activity among women receiving postnatal care in Lusaka, highlighting the need for more quantitative evidence in this area.

Methods:

A facility-based cross-sectional study involving 420 postpartum women at four public health facilities in Lusaka District, assessed their sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, knowledge, attitudes, physical activity practices, barriers, and healthcare provider counselling. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, and multivariable logistic regression was utilized to identify factors associated with adherence to World Health Organization physical activity recommendations.

Results:

The mean age of participants was 28.4±5.6 years. Only 24.3% (n=102) of women met recommended levels of postpartum physical activity. Although 38.6% (n=162) demonstrated good knowledge and 45.7% (n=192) reported positive attitudes towards physical activity, a substantial knowledge-practice gap existed. Multivariable analysis revealed that vaginal delivery (AOR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.45-3.78, p<0.001), tertiary education (AOR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.52-5.41, p=0.001), good knowledge (AOR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.18-3.92, p=0.012), positive attitudes (AOR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.05-3.74, p=0.035), primiparity (AOR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.09-2.84, p=0.020), and receipt of healthcare provider counselling (AOR=3.21, 95%CI: 2.01-5.13, p<0.001) were independently associated with higher physical activity participation. Major barriers included lack of time (68.3%), fatigue (62.1%), cultural beliefs about postpartum rest (54.8%), and absence of healthcare provider guidance (55.7%).

Conclusion:

Postpartum physical activity among women in Lusaka is low, indicating a knowledge-practice gap. The strongest modifiable predictor is healthcare provider counselling. Enhancing counselling in routine postnatal care, particularly for women recovering from caesarean sections, could effectively improve maternal physical activity engagement. Future nationwide longitudinal studies should assess pregnancy-to-postpartum physical activity trends.

Prevalence and associated factors of respectful maternity care at a public regional referral hospital in Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

2025-10-14T04:06:20+00:00

Background:

Respectful maternity care (RMC) as opposed to disrespect and abuse (D&A) is very crucial in promoting skilled birth attendance. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of RMC during labor and childbirth.

Methods:

A total of 356 postnatal women consented to take part in the study. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered by trained research assistants. The outcome variable (RMC) was measured by twelve behavioral descriptors, while disrespect and abuse (D&A) were measured by eleven items related to the mistreatment of women. Data was analyzed using STATA (version 18.5) with frequencies and proportions used at the univariate level.

Results:

The average prevalence of RMC was 62.3%. Treating patients with respect (77.5%), speaking to patients in a language they could understand (73.3%), and showing concern and empathy (72.5%). were the top 3 most reported RMC elements. The occurrence of D&A care among the study participants was 43.6%. Women aged 25 to 29 years (95% CI: 0.74, 0.92, p-value = 0.001), having a planned pregnancy (95% CI: 1.05, 1.30, p-value = 0.005), and having come to the hospital with a husband (95% CI: 1.00, 1.21, p-value = 0.064) were statistically significantly related to respective maternal care.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of D&A was 43.6%, which is high compared to the literature. The prevalence of RMC was 62.3%, which is moderate compared to others in the literature. The occurrence of disrespectful and abusive care among the study participants was 43.6%, which is comparatively high.

Recommendations

Specific strategies and interventions, including male involvement and providing youth-friendly maternal health services, should be designed to increase the magnitude of respectful maternity care during childbirth within Uganda's health facilities.

Stunting among children aged 6-59 months born to teenage mothers in Kabarole District, Tooro region, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

2025-10-28T20:37:54+00:00

Background

The purpose of the study is to investigate stunting among children aged 6-59 months born to teenage mothers in Kabarole District, Tooro Region, Uganda, so as to find out the causes and risk factors associated with stunting.

Methods

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in one of the sub-counties in the Rwenzori sub-region, Western Uganda. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design with quantitative data collection and analysis methods. A sample of 135 respondents was selected using Fisher's method of sample size determination.

Results

Majority of the respondents 80(59.3%) were aged 36-59, 40(29.6%) were below 35 months, 10(07.4%) were below 18 months, 5(3.7%) were under 9 months. The prevalence of stunting at 36.3% among children under 5 months. We found that marital status, those who were separated (aOR = 0.23, CI = 0.08 - 0.62, p = 0.004), mothers not practicing exclusive breast feeding (aOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.76, p = 0.012), age at which mothers start complimentary feeding (aOR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.49- 1.27, p=0.002) and mothers who were practicing formula feeding aOR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.49- 1.27, p=0.002) were associated with stunting. Lack of maternal education was 1.08 times more likely to cause a child under 5 years compared to the others (uOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.54-2.17; p=0.025).

Conclusions

The prevalence of stunting among children 6 - 59 months of age was high, underscoring the critical role of nutrition, maternal health, and the influence of dietary factors in determining children’s growth outcomes.

Recommendations

There is a need for comprehensive interventions addressing the factors to prevent stunting through integrating nutrition counselling and supplementation programs, implementing poverty reduction strategies, and supporting maternal education services.

Prevalence and individual factors associated with unsuppressed viral load among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Ndejje Health Centre IV, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-01-26T09:54:20+00:00

Background:
Unsuppressed HIV viral load remains a major public health challenge among people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study assessed the prevalence and individual factors associated with unsuppressed viral load among HIV patients receiving ART at Ndejje Health Centre IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 77 HIV-positive adults aged 18 years and above who had been on ART for at least six months. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and supplemented with clinical records for viral load results. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages.

Results:
Most participants were aged 25–34 years (36.4%) and female (57.1%). The prevalence of unsuppressed viral load was 33.8% (26/77), while 66.2% (51/77) had suppressed viral loads. The majority had primary education (36.4%) and were unemployed (40.3%). Most respondents reported having family or social support for HIV treatment (66.2%), while 29.9% experienced stigma or discrimination. Individual factors, such as unemployment, lower educational level, and limited social support, were identified as potential contributors to unsuppressed viral load.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of unsuppressed viral load among patients receiving ART at Ndejje Health Centre IV was relatively high, indicating ongoing challenges in achieving optimal treatment outcomes. Socioeconomic factors, education level, and social support appear to influence viral suppression among patients on ART.

Recommendations:
Healthcare providers should strengthen adherence counseling, particularly for patients who are socioeconomically vulnerable. The Ministry of Health and partners should integrate economic empowerment programs and community support interventions to improve adherence and retention in care. Routine viral load monitoring and stigma reduction strategies should also be enhanced to improve treatment outcomes.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on HIV Preventive Measures Among Students of Lira University, Lira City: A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-09T09:57:12+00:00

Background:

Despite decades of global health campaigns, HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue, particularly among adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding HIV transmission and prevention among Lira University students.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 183 university students using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and results were presented in tables and figures.

Results:

The majority of participants were aged 18–21 years (55%), 53% were male. In terms of knowledge, 70% had received formal education on HIV/AIDS, with 49% recognizing unprotected sex as a transmission mode, and only 30% were aware of PrEP. For attitudes, while 89% acknowledged HIV/AIDS as a serious issue, 69% expressed negative attitudes toward regular HIV testing, and 57% were unwilling to interact with HIV-positive individuals. Regarding practices, 62% had never been tested for HIV, only 20% reported consistent condom use, and 67% had never used or encouraged others to use PrEP.

Conclusion:

Despite moderate knowledge, significant gaps in attitudes and preventive practices were noted, and misconceptions and stigma remain barriers to effective HIV prevention.

Recommendations:

Comprehensive sexual health education should be integrated into all university programs. Stigma-reduction campaigns and accessible, youth-friendly HIV services are also essential to promote behavior change and reduce new infections among students.

Individual factors contributing to HIV related stigma among HIV positive youths aged 15-24 years attending the ART clinic at TASO Uganda, Entebbe, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T19:01:57+00:00

Background

The study aims to identify the individual factors contributing to HIV related stigma among HIV positive youths aged 15-24 years attending the ART clinic at TASO Uganda, Entebbe, Wakiso District.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing a quantitative research method was used to collect data among HIV positive youths aged 15-24 years from a sample of 92 participants who were sampled using a consecutive sampling method. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire, coded, analysed using Microsoft Excel (2013) programs, and presented in frequency tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results

Nearly half 40, 43.5%) of the respondents were aged between 25 and 30 years. The majority, 36 (39.1%) of the respondents reported that when stressed about their HIV status, they tend to blame themselves or someone else, while 30 (32.6%) preferred to keep to themselves. Most 48 (52.2%) of the respondents believed that HIV drugs help youths live a long and healthy life, whereas 34 (37%) said the drugs protect them from infections. A large proportion, 62 (67.4%) of the respondents had experienced emotional violence such as insults or humiliation after discovering their HIV status, while 15 (16.3%) had suffered physical violence and 10 (10.9%) sexual violence. Nearly half 40, 43.5%) of the respondents reported that they had not disclosed their HIV status to anyone, while 34 (37%) had disclosed to their parents or guardians.

Conclusion

Individual factors such as fear of disclosure, low self-esteem, and internalised stigma reduced confidence and social interaction.

Recommendations

Health authorities should conduct continuous anti-stigma campaigns through schools, religious institutions, and community gatherings to promote acceptance and correct misconceptions about HIV.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dynamic MRI evaluation of extranodal non-hodgkin lymphoma in the oral and maxillofacial regions. A systematic review.

2026-02-20T10:25:02+00:00

Background:
Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the oral and maxillofacial region often mimics squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), complicating diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) offer detailed soft-tissue and functional assessment. This review evaluated their role in identifying characteristic imaging features of extranodal NHL.

Methods:
Conducted per PRISMA 2020 and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251178334), a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (up to 2025) was performed. Studies on histopathologically confirmed extranodal NHL assessed using MRI or DCE-MRI were included. Data on imaging features, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), enhancement kinetics, and diagnostic performance were extracted. Study quality was evaluated using QUADAS-2, and findings were synthesized qualitatively.

Results:
Seven studies (2004–2018) involving ~250 patients were included. NHL typically showed intermediate-to-low T1 and intermediate-to-high T2 signal intensity, homogeneous contrast enhancement, and submucosal spread with preserved mucosa. DCE-MRI demonstrated a Type II (plateau) enhancement curve, while diffusion-weighted imaging revealed low ADC values (0.68–0.90 × 10⁻³ mm²/s), consistent with high cellularity. SCC showed heterogeneous enhancement, necrosis, and higher ADC values. Combined DWI and DCE-MRI achieved diagnostic accuracies >90%, with sensitivities of 92–96% and specificities of 88–93%.

Conclusion:
Extranodal NHL exhibits consistent MRI characteristics correlating with histopathology. Multiparametric MRI aids pre-biopsy differentiation from carcinoma and supports treatment planning. Standardized imaging protocols and validated ADC thresholds are needed to improve diagnostic precision.

Biochemical perspective of gingival crevicular fluid: a diagnostic tool for the detection of periodontal health and diseases – a systematic review.

2026-02-18T12:00:16+00:00

Background:
Periodontal diseases remain a major global oral health problem and a principal cause of tooth loss. Conventional diagnostic methods such as probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, and radiographic evaluation primarily indicate previous tissue destruction rather than current disease activity. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), a site-specific biofluid present in the gingival sulcus, contains host-derived and microbial molecules associated with periodontal inflammation and tissue breakdown. These components may serve as measurable indicators of active periodontal pathology.

Materials and Methods:
Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, LILACS, and Web of Science) were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2024 using keywords related to gingival crevicular fluid, periodontal disease, biomarkers, and diagnosis. The review followed PRISMA recommendations. After applying eligibility criteria, five studies were included. Data extraction covered study design, geographic location, evaluated biomarkers, and diagnostic findings. Methodological quality was assessed using the STROBE checklist.

Results:
Included studies reported several host-derived biomarkers in GCF associated with periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP-5), osteoprotegerin (OPG), inflammatory cytokines and related enzymatic markers demonstrated the ability to differentiate periodontal health from varying severities of periodontitis. These markers correspond to inflammatory signaling, connective tissue degradation, and bone remodeling.

Conclusion:
GCF offers a non-invasive medium for assessing molecular changes within periodontal tissues. Biomarkers related to inflammation, matrix degradation and bone metabolism may assist in identifying disease activity and monitoring progression. Variability in sampling procedures and analytical techniques currently limits routine clinical application, indicating the need for standardized longitudinal investigations.

Rare head and neck cancers and pathological diagnosis challenges – A systematic review.

2026-02-17T09:55:56+00:00

Background

Rare head and neck cancers present substantial diagnostic challenges due to overlapping histopathological features, complex molecular profiles, and clinical heterogeneity. Distinguishing metastatic disease, second primaries, and uncommon histological variants requires integration of qualitative pathological assessment and quantitative radiological evaluation. Advanced molecular tools, including next-generation sequencing and molecular classifier assays, are increasingly incorporated to improve diagnostic precision and therapeutic stratification.

Material and methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2024. Eligibility criteria included original research articles, case studies, and systematic investigations addressing rare head and neck cancers and associated diagnostic challenges. Studies unrelated to diagnostic methodology or not focused on rare entities were excluded. Extracted data items included author, year, country, study design, diagnostic modality, and clinical outcome relevance. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE checklist where applicable.

Results

Seven eligible studies were included. Findings demonstrated that qualitative histopathological diagnosis remains central to treatment planning but is limited by interobserver variability and tumor heterogeneity. Quantitative imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and PET improved tumor localization and staging accuracy. Molecular profiling, biomarker identification, and gene expression assays enhanced primary site identification and prognostic assessment, particularly in cancers of unknown primary and salivary gland malignancies. Multidisciplinary tumor board discussions were consistently associated with optimized therapeutic decision-making and improved care coordination.

Conclusion

Accurate diagnosis of rare head and neck cancers requires integration of specialized pathological expertise, advanced molecular diagnostics, and structured multidisciplinary evaluation to guide individualized treatment strategies and improve clinical outcomes.

Future research

Collaborative international consortia will be necessary to generate adequately powered datasets for these uncommon tumors

Prevalence and pattern of orthodontic malocclusion in children aged 10–12 years: A systematic review of epidemiological studies.

2026-02-17T09:22:31+00:00

Background

Malocclusion is a highly prevalent developmental condition in children and contributes to functional, esthetic, and psychosocial concerns. The age group of 10–12 years represents late mixed dentition, a critical phase for orthodontic evaluation and interceptive care. Considerable variation in reported prevalence necessitates focused synthesis within this specific age range.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the prevalence and pattern of orthodontic malocclusion in children aged 10–12 years based on epidemiological studies.

Materials and methods

This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. School-based or population-based cross-sectional studies reporting malocclusion prevalence in children aged 10–12 years were included. Extracted data comprised study characteristics, diagnostic criteria, prevalence rates, sagittal molar relationships, and occlusal traits. Risk of bias was assessed using criteria appropriate for prevalence studies. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed.

Results

Four cross-sectional epidemiological studies from India, Turkey, and Iraq were included, representing 6,444 children. Reported malocclusion prevalence ranged from approximately three-quarters to more than four-fifths of the study populations. Angle’s Class I malocclusion was consistently the most prevalent sagittal pattern, followed by Class II, while Class III was the least common. Increased overjet, increased overbite, crossbite, and midline deviations were frequently observed occlusal traits. No consistent gender differences were reported.

Conclusion

Malocclusion affects a substantial proportion of children aged 10–12 years, predominantly presenting as dental malalignment during late mixed dentition. Early screening programs and interceptive orthodontic strategies are warranted.

Future research

Standardized diagnostic criteria, multicentric longitudinal designs, and uniform reporting of occlusal traits are needed to improve comparability and strengthen epidemiological evidence.

Prevalence and clinical correlates of chronic kidney disease among hospital admissions in KwaZulu-Natal: A cross-sectional retrospective laboratory data analysis.

2025-11-21T14:53:04+00:00

Background:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease that causes a significant global health burden yet is commonly underdiagnosed among hospitalised patients, particularly in acute care facilities. Timely diagnosis is crucial in preventing disease progression and poor prognosis due to complications.

Aim:

This study estimated the prevalence of CKD among hospital admissions and assessed its relationship with clinical diagnoses and ward distribution, laboratory parameters in a referral hospital in South Africa.

Methods:

A retrospective observational analysis was conducted using laboratory records from RK Khan Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. Patients with documented serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) were included. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m², calculated using either the MDRD or CKD-EPI equations. Demographic data, ward allocation, clinical diagnoses, and laboratory parameters were analysed descriptively.

Results:

Analysis of the complete dataset (n=56) revealed that 39 patients (69.6%) met the criteria for CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m²). The highest prevalence was observed in the 45–59 age group (40%). The study population had a mean age of 47.5 years (range, 19-64 years). Admissions were primarily to the Intensive Care Unit (57.1%), followed by the outpatient and emergency departments. Among CKD patients, the most common comorbid diagnoses were pneumonia and septicaemia. Severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m²) was present in 28.6% of cases, and frequent electrolyte disturbances, including hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis, were observed.

Conclusion:

CKD is notably prevalent among hospitalized patients, particularly those admitted with infectious diseases or critical illnesses. These findings underscore the importance of systematic surveillance of renal function in acute care settings.

Recommendations:

The integration of standardized CKD screening protocols into routine hospital care may help mitigate disease progression and improve clinical outcomes.

Clinico-Microbiological Profile and Antifungal Susceptibility of Subcutaneous Mycoses with Bone Involvement: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern Odisha, India.

2026-03-12T05:15:16+00:00

Background:

Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic fungal infections affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues, commonly occurring in tropical regions among individuals engaged in outdoor occupations. Accurate identification and antifungal susceptibility testing are important for appropriate management due to emerging drug resistance.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of subcutaneous mycoses, identify the causative fungal species, and evaluate antifungal susceptibility patterns among clinically suspected cases.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to August 2023 among patients clinically suspected of subcutaneous mycoses attending a tertiary care center in Eastern Odisha, India. Clinical samples, including skin scrapings, tissue, pus, discharge, granules, and biopsy specimens, were collected aseptically. Samples were examined using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount, cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and identified using standard microbiological techniques. Histopathological examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted using the microbroth dilution method.

Results:

Among 110 clinically suspected cases, subcutaneous mycoses were detected in 52.72% by culture, 78.18% by KOH mount, and 80% by histopathology. The most common isolates were Madurella spp. (48.27%), followed by Exophiala spp. (29.31%) and Fonsecaea spp. (22.41%). All isolates showed resistance to fluconazole and anidulafungin, while most isolates were sensitive to itraconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B.

Conclusion:

Subcutaneous mycoses remain prevalent in rural populations with occupational exposure. Antifungal susceptibility testing is essential for guiding therapy, with itraconazole

Antibiotic Duration (Short vs Standard) for Uncomplicated Paediatric Pneumonia: A Systematic Meta-Analysis.

2026-02-26T12:39:31+00:00

Background:

The ideal length of time to take antibiotics for juvenile pneumonia that is not complex is still up for dispute. Antimicrobial resistance and side effects may be lessened by short-term treatment.

Objective:

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of short-term (≤5 days) versus long-term (7–10 days) antibiotic treatment for pediatric pneumonia that is not complex.

Methods:

Using electronic databases, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials from 2000 to 2025 was carried out. Clinical cure is the main result. Secondary outcomes include antibiotic exposure, adverse events, recurrence, and treatment failure.

Results:

There were twelve RCTs with a total of 4,632 children. Short-course and standard-course pooled clinical cure rates were 92.4% and 93.1%, respectively (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97–1.02; p=0.68). There was no significant difference in treatment failure (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.88–1.21). Adverse events decreased by 18% and overall antibiotic exposure by 40% with short-course treatment.

Conclusion:

For uncomplicated pediatric pneumonia, short-course (3–5 days) antibiotic therapy is not inferior to standard-duration therapy and may enhance antimicrobial stewardship.

Implications for future research:

Further large-scale, multicentric trials including younger infants, hospitalized patients, and low-resource settings are needed to strengthen generalizability and guide global treatment guidelines.

molecular detection of diarrheagenic escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children with diarrhea. A cross-sectional study in Mbarara city, South Western Uganda.

2026-01-26T09:07:55+00:00

Background

Diarrheal diseases remain a global public health concern affecting children, with a high prevalence in resource-limited settings. In many poor nations, diarrheal diseases have been listed as 1 of the top 10 causes of mortality.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) pathotypes with diarrhea using Polymerase Chain Reaction in Mbarara City.

Methodology

It was a cross-section hospital-based study where 391 stool samples were collected from children aged six months and 12 years presenting with diarrhea and not taking any antibiotic treatment for diarrhea at the time of the investigation.

Results

Out of 391 stool samples collected, 78 were positive for E. coli giving an overall prevalence of 19.95 %. Of the 78 (19.95 %) positive samples, males were 18 (54.55%) and females were 25 (55.56%). Among the 78 E. coli isolates still, 43 (55.13 %) were pathogenic and belonged to the three common pathotypes including Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), which was the most prevalent pathotype (86.05 %), followed by Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEP) (9.30 %), while enter-invasive was the least (4.65%). The E. coli isolates were most sensitive to chloramphenicol, followed by imipenem (70%), tetracycline (30%), ceftriaxone (28%) and amoxicillin (26%) was the most resistant

Conclusion

Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) is prevalent in Mbarara City and is an important agent that should be considered in routine studies and surveillance for childhood acute diarrheal disease.

Recommendations

Strengthening molecular diagnostic capacity in health laboratories should be supported to adopt molecular diagnostic techniques (e.g., PCR) for routine detection of diarrheagenic E. coli, since conventional culture methods may not differentiate pathogenic E.coli pathotypes.

Proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma via ferritin heavy chain. A systematic review.

2026-02-20T09:24:32+00:00

Background

Dysregulated iron metabolism is increasingly recognized as a driver of tumor progression in head and neck malignancies. Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), a central regulator of intracellular iron storage and redox balance, has been implicated in ferroptosis resistance, proliferation and metastatic behaviour. Its mechanistic relevance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) requires structured synthesis.

Objective

To systematically evaluate evidence regarding the role of FTH1 in promoting proliferation, migration and therapeutic resistance in OSCC and related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2024 using combinations of the terms “ferritin,” “FTH1,” “oral cancer,” “OSCC,” “HNSCC,” and “ferroptosis.” Eligible studies included original research evaluating FTH1 expression, functional assays, mechanistic pathways, or clinical correlations in OSCC/HNSCC. Reviews, editorials and unrelated iron metabolism studies were excluded. Data extracted included study design, sample type, FTH1 expression patterns, molecular pathways, effects on proliferation, migration, EMT, ferroptosis and prognostic associations.

Results

Five eligible studies demonstrated consistent overexpression of FTH1 in OSCC/HNSCC tissues compared with controls. Functional analyses revealed that FTH1 promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion by maintaining iron homeostasis, suppressing lipid peroxidation and inhibiting ferroptosis. Knockdown experiments increased reactive oxygen species accumulation and reduced migratory capacity. Clinically, elevated FTH1 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis, poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Future Directions

Larger OSCC-specific cohorts and mechanistic studies focusing on ferroptosis modulation, tumor microenvironment interactions and therapeutic targeting of FTH1 are required to validate its biomarker and translational potential.

Evaluation of cognition, perception, and opinion among faculties and postgraduate medical students regarding artificial intelligence tools in health education and research. A cross-sectional survey.

2026-02-26T06:36:39+00:00

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has substantial transformative potential in enhancing diagnostics, treatment, disease monitoring, health-care delivery, education, and research. Despite these advantages, AI has not yet been formally integrated into the medical curriculum. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the cognition, perception, and opinion of medical teaching faculty members and postgraduate (PG) students regarding the application of AI in medical education and research.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted among faculty members and PG residents of MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, from September 2024 to December 2024. A structured questionnaire comprising 20 items covering cognition, perception, and opinion was administered. A total score of 100 was allotted, with 5 points assigned to each correct response. Analytical statistics were performed using the Chi-square test to assess associations between scores and sociodemographic variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Most participants were aged 25–40 years (87%) with male predominance (57%). The Department of Pharmacology contributed the largest share (30%), while only 30% had prior exposure to AI-related CME. Cognition item 6 showed the highest correct response rate (71.6%). In the perception domain, 40% strongly agreed across items, and opinion responses demonstrated agreement ranging from 30% to 80%. The mean cognition score was low (22.46 ± 8.63/50), whereas perception (19.44 ± 3.15) and opinion (20.70 ± 2.21) scores were satisfactory. Significant associations were observed only with designation (PGs vs faculty; p = 0.02) and prior AI exposure (p = 0.04).

Conclusion:

At present, faculty members and postgraduate students have limited knowledge of artificial intelligence but show favourable perceptions toward its integration into medical education and healthcare practice.

Recommendation:

Integrating artificial intelligence education into the postgraduate medical curriculum through structured programs and workshops will enhance knowledge and promote responsible AI use in clinical practice, research, and medical training.

Assessing the prevalence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency infected patients at a hospital in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. A retrospective cross-sectional study.

2026-02-11T08:34:19+00:00

Introduction

The co-epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB), Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) pose a major health issue in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) South Africa (SA). Despite improvements in HIV care, EPTB continues to affect immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence, and risk factors associated with EPTB prevalence among HIV-infected patients in KZN.

Methodology

Patient results for those tested for EPTB from January to December 2022, were examined. Key variables included demographic information including age, gender, geographic location. HIV viral load, CD4 count, and GeneXpert tuberculosis were the test results analysed. To ensure accuracy, the dataset underwent rigorous cleaning to exclude incomplete records and duplicates. Microsoft Excel 2019 facilitated descriptive and graphical analysis to illustrate trends. Spearman's correlation was used to examine associations among continuous variables, with statistical significance assessed using p-values and confidence intervals

Results

Among 609 analyzed HIV-positive patient results, 86 (14.1%) had EPTB. Most cases 382 (62.7%) originated from the uGu district, with the highest prevalence observed among males aged 40-64 years. EPTB manifestation was notably high in lymph node aspirate specimens. Additionally, detectable viral loads and moderately suppressed CD4 counts indicated advanced HIV progression, increasing susceptibility to EPTB co-infections.

Conclusion

This study shows a significant burden of EPTB among HIV-infected individuals in KZN, especially in older patients with high viral loads. Targeted interventions for early detection, screening programs, and gender-specific approaches are crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality.

Recommendation

Strengthening antiretroviral therapy programmes is essential, as effective viral suppression substantially reduces the risk of TB among people living with HIV by lowering susceptibility to infection.

Challenges faced by service users attending substance abuse aftercare programs in selected treatment centres in South Africa.

2026-02-21T10:15:18+00:00

Background:
Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a significant public health and social welfare concern in South Africa, with relapse following treatment continuing to undermine recovery outcomes. While considerable scholarly and policy attention has been directed towards treatment and rehabilitation programmes, aftercare services remain comparatively under-explored, particularly from the perspectives of service users themselves. Aftercare programmes are intended to support individuals as they transition from structured treatment environments back into their communities; however, limited empirical evidence exists regarding the challenges service users encounter during this critical stage of recovery.

Methodology:
This qualitative study explored the social, economic, emotional, and psychological challenges experienced by service users attending substance abuse aftercare programmes at selected treatment centres in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. A purposive sample of ten participants currently enrolled in aftercare programmes was recruited. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews that allowed participants to reflect on their lived experiences of recovery following rehabilitation. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns, meanings, and contextual factors shaping participants’ recovery experiences.

Results:
The findings indicate that, despite completing rehabilitation, service users continue to experience multiple and intersecting challenges that threaten sustained recovery. Prominent challenges included persistent social stigma, limited employment opportunities, strained family relationships, and ongoing emotional distress. Participants also reported psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, and unresolved trauma, which often intensified feelings of vulnerability during reintegration into community life. These factors collectively heightened the risk of relapse.

Conclusion:
The study highlights that recovery from substance use disorders extends far beyond the completion of formal treatment and requires sustained psychosocial and structural support.

Recommendations:
Strengthening aftercare services through integrated psychosocial support, skills development initiatives, and community-based recovery interventions is essential for promoting long-term recovery and reducing relapse among individuals with substance use disorders in South Africa.

Barriers hindering drug users seeking access to substance use disorder treatment in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.

2026-02-10T04:15:18+00:00

Background

Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a persistent and complex social challenge in South Africa, with disproportionately severe consequences in rural and semi-rural communities. Despite the availability of treatment services, drug users continue to face significant difficulties accessing appropriate care. This study explores the barriers that prevent drug users from seeking and accessing SUD treatment in Mankweng township, Limpopo Province.

Methodology

Guided by a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with ten drug users actively seeking treatment. Participants were approached and interviewed face to face. A semi-structured interview guide containing open ended questions and probing prompts was used during the data collection process. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, involving systematic transcription, coding, and theme development.

Results

The findings reveal multiple, interrelated barriers that constrain access to treatment, including fear of stigmatisation, limited social and familial support, inadequate information about available treatment services, and the compounding effects of psychological distress, particularly depression and chronic stress. Participants further highlighted the pervasive and debilitating impact of substance use on their social functioning, mental health, and overall quality of life.

Conclusion.

The findings of this study underscore the need for contextually responsive, stigma-reduction interventions, improved dissemination of treatment information, and the integration of psychosocial support within substance use treatment services. Due to a severe financial crisis, numerous households in Mankweng struggle to afford treatment centres for their children. Many expressed willingness to cease drug use, but cannot access treatment centres because no public institutions are available in their area. Addressing these barriers is critical to enhancing treatment accessibility and promoting recovery among drug users in rural South African contexts.

Recommendation.

The study recommends increased community education regarding substance abuse to improve knowledge of drug addiction, empowering drug users with information about accessing SUD treatment resources.

Allied health educators’ reflections on ICT-focused pedagogical training in a low-resource setting: A video-based qualitative study.

2025-12-17T11:54:00+00:00

Background:

Strengthening digital and pedagogical competence among allied health educators is critical, especially in low-resource settings where digital literacy gaps persist. While faculty development initiatives increasingly explore ICT-enabled teaching, limited research has examined educators’ immediate reflections using video-based methods. Such video-based approaches can capture authentic and spontaneous insights following training.

Method:

A qualitative descriptive design was used. Reflections from nine educators were captured through a single video-recorded testimonial session after a three-day ICT-focused pedagogical training. These reflections were transcribed and analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive approach.

Result:

Four themes emerged: 1) enhanced digital competence, 2) first-time exposure and professional growth, 3) application of ICT skills to teaching and supervision, and 4) the need for continued training and adaptation of the use of ICT in teaching and learning. Participants highlighted transferable practical skills and recognised gaps requiring ongoing support.

Conclusion:

Short-term, contextually relevant training demonstrated transformative potential in building educators’ digital and pedagogical capacity. Video-based evaluation proved effective in capturing authentic reflections, scalability, and informing tailored programme design. Findings are context-specific and not statistically generalizable, but they provide transferable insights for similar low-resource educational settings. However, confidentiality presents a significant challenge in video-based data collection, and appropriate ethical safeguards are necessary to protect participant identity.

Recommendation:

Institutions should prioritise ongoing ICT-focused faculty development, and future studies should examine sustained impacts on teaching practices and learning outcomes.

Oral microbiome and metabolome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review.

2026-02-18T11:44:23+00:00

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the leading metabolic disorders worldwide and is associated with multiple systemic complications. Increasing evidence indicates that diabetes alters the composition and metabolic activity of the oral microbiota. The oral microbiome and its associated metabolome may therefore serve as indicators of disease status and for biomarker discovery. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence on alterations in the oral microbiome and metabolome in patients with T2DM.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS, were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2024. Search terms included “oral microbiome,” “metabolome,” and “type 2 diabetes mellitus.” Eligible studies investigated associations between oral microbial composition and metabolic profiles in T2DM patients. Data extracted included author, year, country, study design, and key outcomes. Study quality was evaluated using the STROBE checklist.

Results

Four original research studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies consistently reported alterations in oral microbial composition and metabolic profiles in individuals with T2DM. Changes were observed in bacterial abundance and in metabolite profiles associated with carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory pathways, and host–microbe interactions. Some studies identified correlations between glycemic control and shifts in microbial diversity and metabolite production. These findings indicate that metabolic changes in the oral environment may influence microbial ecology and disease susceptibility.

Conclusion

Evidence suggests that T2DM is associated with measurable alterations in the oral microbiome and metabolome. These changes may contribute to oral dysbiosis and may have implications for early detection of metabolic and oral complications.

Future research

Large-scale longitudinal studies integrating metagenomics and metabolomics are required to validate oral biomarkers and clarify the mechanistic relationship between diabetes, microbial dysbiosis, and metabolic alterations.

A cross-sectional prospective study on the relationship between serum liver enzymes and hypertension in patients accessing health care services at Nebbi General Hospital, Nebbi District.

2025-08-27T07:36:04+00:00

Background

Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and has a relationship to liver health. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between serum liver enzymes and hypertension among patients accessing health care services at Nebbi General Hospital.

Method

A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between liver enzymes and hypertension in Nebbi general hospital between December 2022 and May 2023. Data was collected by performing laboratory analysis of liver enzymes and interviewing the patient about their biodata. The data was sorted and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 25. The data analyzed was presented by using charts, figures, tables, graphs, and useful conclusions were made.

Results

The study analyzed data from 108 individuals and observed varying prevalence rates of elevated liver enzymes, ranging from 0.9% to 46.3%, based on different liver enzymes (ALP 0.9%, ALT 7.4%, AST 27.8%, and GGT 46.3%). The analysis of the data further revealed that all liver enzymes, except ALT, were elevated in females (P>0.05). Additionally, certain liver enzymes, such as ALT and ALP, were elevated in the age group 50-59 years, while AST and GGT were elevated in the age group of 60-69 years (P>0.05).

Conclusions

The current research findings align with previous studies indicating a relationship between elevated liver enzymes and hypertension. This current study suggests a potential link between hypertension and liver dysfunction, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes.

Recommendations

The study underscores the importance of monitoring liver health in individuals with hypertension and raises awareness of potential liver-related complications. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clarify the clinical implications of these associations.

Thermal imaging as a non-invasive tool to analyze microcirculation and heat distribution. A cross-sectional observational study.

2026-03-12T05:32:14+00:00

Background

Microcirculation plays a vital role in tissue perfusion and thermoregulation. Early alterations in microvascular blood flow often precede structural changes and remain undetected by conventional diagnostic methods.

Aim

To assess the usefulness of infrared thermal imaging as a non-invasive tool for analyzing microcirculation and heat distribution.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional observational study included 100 adult participants evaluated over 11 months at Laxmi Chandravansi Medical College and Hospital, Jharkhand. The majority of participants were aged 31–45 years (38%). Thermal images were captured under standardized conditions. Mean surface temperature, thermal asymmetry, and heat distribution patterns were analyzed using Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation.

Results

The mean surface temperature was significantly higher on the right side (32.4 ± 1.2°C) compared to the left (31.8 ± 1.3°C) (p = 0.004). Thermal asymmetry ≥0.5°C was observed in 42% of participants. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between thermal asymmetry and clinical indicators of microcirculatory dysfunction (r = 0.61, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Infrared thermal imaging is a reliable, non-invasive modality for assessing microcirculation.

Recommendation

It can be used as a screening and monitoring tool in clinical practice, especially in resource-limited settings.

Prionium serratum (Thurniaceae): Evaluation of chlorophyll and influence of waterlogging and heavy metals on flowering in the Palmiet River, KwaZulu-Natal.

2025-08-18T15:30:56+00:00

Background:

Prionium serratum (Thurniaceae), a South African endemic plant, thrives in oligotrophic soils where it flowers and produces seeds. However, KwaZulu-Natal populations show declining numbers and lack flowering or seeding, prompting conservation efforts. This study examined the influence of temperature, waterlogging, and heavy metals on flowering and population decline of P. serratum.

Methods:

The chlorophyll content was recorded from 10 mature, randomly sampled leaves using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to assess the influence of temperature on flowering in P. serratum. P. serratum on one site was subjected to drought, and the observations with P. serratum growing on two waterlogged habitats. P. serratum samples were also taken for heavy metal analysis with ICP-OES, and data were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA in IBM SPSS version 28

Results:

Temperature did not stress P. serratum as chlorophyll levels indicated healthy photosynthesis and growth across all sampled sites (≥ 30 SPAD units, p > 0.05). Prionium serratum in constantly waterlogged habitats did not flower, while P. Serratum exposed to alternating wet and dry conditions produced flowers. Investigation of the levels of heavy metal accumulation showed the existence of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Hg, Se, and Si. Despite elevated levels of these metals, flowering was not hindered (p > 0.05). Observations of stunted growth of P. serratum in Mhlanga River may be attributed to frequent flooding disturbances, not metal toxicity, and historical herbarium records confirm past flowering there.

Conclusion:

Sunlight/shade (temperature) and heavy metal exposure did not hinder flowering in P. serratum. Waterlogging inhibited and delayed flowering, and drought triggered and prompted flowering in this species.

Recommendation:

P. serratum should be propagated from seedlings or plantlets in sandy, well-drained soil with periodic wet-dry cycles to prevent waterlogging. Conservation efforts should focus on riverbank planting rather than ponds or floodplains to ensure successful establishment.

Threats posed to the fragile and pristine marine turtle (loggerhead & leatherback) eggs in the Maputaland coastline: a cross-sectional ecological assessment.

2025-07-21T17:33:59+00:00

Background
The Maputaland coastline in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is a critical nesting habitat for the endangered Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles. Despite its protected status, this region is increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures and environmental stressors that threaten turtle nesting success and egg survival. This study assessed key threats affecting marine turtle reproduction within the Maputaland Marine Protected Area (MPA).

Methods
A cross-sectional ecological assessment was conducted between November 2023 and March 2024, corresponding with the peak turtle nesting season. Data were collected along a 30 km stretch of coastline and included nest counts, hatchling success rates, records of physical disturbances (e.g., erosion and storm surges), observations of human activities (e.g., poaching, tourism, off-road vehicle tracks), and semi-structured interviews with conservation officers and local community members. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results
The overall hatchling success rate was 58%, with significantly lower success observed in areas experiencing high levels of human disturbance. Illegal poaching was responsible for 23% of recorded nest disturbances. Additional threats included artificial coastal lighting causing hatchling disorientation, dune erosion, and off-road vehicle activity. Qualitative findings revealed low public awareness of conservation legislation and the continued cultural consumption of turtle eggs. Conservation personnel highlighted limited patrol capacity and insufficient community outreach as major constraints to effective protection.

Conclusion
Both anthropogenic activities and natural stressors are undermining marine turtle reproductive success along the Maputaland coastline.

Recommendations
Community-based conservation approaches incorporating environmental education, strengthened enforcement of MPA regulations, turtle-friendly lighting, and sustainable eco-tourism practices are essential. Collaborative co-management involving local communities, conservation authorities, and academic institutions is critical for long-term turtle conservation and ecosystem resilience.

Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in older adults undergoing hip surgery: A prospective observational study.

2026-02-11T12:54:40+00:00

Background:

Postoperative delirium is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication following hip surgery in older adults and is associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality.

Objective:

To determine the incidence and preoperative risk factors of postoperative delirium following hip surgery.

Methods:

This prospective observational study included 87 adult patients undergoing hip surgery at a tertiary care center between January 2020 and December 2023. Preoperative demographic characteristics, comorbidities, neurological and psychiatric history, hemoglobin levels, and functional status were recorded. Postoperative delirium was diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria. Statistical analysis included chi-square test, independent t-test, and logistic regression analysis.

Results:

Nineteen out of 87 patients developed postoperative delirium, giving an incidence of 21.8 cases per 100 patients undergoing hip surgery. Advanced age (>70 years), male sex, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, psychiatric illness, and poor functional status were significantly associated with delirium (p < 0.001). Mean hospital stay was longer in the delirium group (15±2 days) compared to the non-delirium group (9±2 days; p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Postoperative delirium is common after hip surgery and is strongly associated with preexisting neurological disease and functional dependence.

The Ponseti method for the management of congenital clubfoot patients at a training hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A retrospective observational study.

2026-01-15T16:17:28+00:00

Background

Clubfoot affects 1.55–6.93 per 1,000 live births in developing countries, making it a common congenital condition. However, awareness and knowledge of clubfoot management, particularly using the Ponseti method, remain limited in district and regional hospitals in rural South Africa.

Objective

This study examines the epidemiology, patient profile, clinical presentation, and Ponseti casting outcomes of congenital clubfoot at Ngwelezana Hospital to enhance understanding and optimize management of the condition.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted at Ngwelezana Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal on patients' records who visited the facility from January 2018 -June 2022. Data was collected on the profile of patients with congenital clubfoot deformity from the clinical records of patients attending the clubfoot clinic at Ngwelezana Hospital during this time.

Results

The median age of the cohort at presentation was 30.5 days (IQR: 7–92 days), with 58 % being seen in the first month and 25 % after three months. Males comprised 67% of the cases; bilateral deformities accounted for 61%. The mean initial Pirani score was 4.3 ± 1.4. The percutaneous Achilles tenotomy was enacted in 68.8 % of the infants. With biweekly casting, 8.3 % of feet never progressed to the bracing stage without surgical release. There were missed appointments among 12 % of families, and minor cast-related complications affected less than 4 % of casts. The completeness of data was compromised by 6.8 % missing outcome data.

Conclusion

Congenital clubfoot at Ngwelezana Hospital is treated with a modified Ponseti method. Delays, non-compliance, and socioeconomic challenges affect outcomes, highlighting the need for education and improved referrals.

Recommendations

Community education should be intensified for early detection, consequently decreasing the late presentation rate and compliance rate. Better data capturing, such as electronic, may add value to education, quality improvement, and further research on this topic.

Level of knowledge towards virtual learning among clinical officer students at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences in Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-02-11T14:40:49+00:00

Background:

The level of knowledge towards virtual learning refers to students’ understanding and awareness of e-learning platforms, digital tools, and their academic use in online education. This study aims to determine the Level of knowledge towards virtual learning among clinical officer students at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences in Wakiso district.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted among 75 randomly selected clinical officer students from Year 3.1, Year 2.1, and Year 3.2. Data were collected using electronic questionnaires distributed to students to capture information on their knowledge related to virtual learning. Analysis was done using Microsoft Excel, and results were presented in frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, and pie charts.

Results:

The majority of the participants were female students (66.7%), and male students were 33.3%. Most participants were aged 25–29 years (65.3%), followed by those aged 20–24 years (32.0%), with a small proportion aged 30 years and above (2.7%). 57 (76%) found their devices reliable for attending virtual learning classes regularly, whereas 18(24%) found them unreliable. 60(80%) reported that they were aware of virtual learning platforms and tools, and 15(20%) reported that they were not aware of them. 58(96.7%) reported having ever used any of the platforms for academic purposes, whereas 2(3.3%) reported having never. 69(92%) had ever used medical applications on their phones for learning purposes, whereas 6(8%) had never used the medical applications on their phones for learning purposes. Knowledge gaps included limited access to e-learning tools, low awareness, and inadequate prior experience.

Conclusions:

Students showed moderate knowledge of virtual learning, being aware of platforms and using medical apps, but most had no prior experience before joining the institute.

Recommendations:

Provide orientation, digital skills training, and guided practice to enhance students’ competence and confidence in virtual learning.

From guidance to control: Exploring manipulative behaviours in supervisor-student interactions. A qualitative multi-case study."

2025-07-17T09:16:23+00:00

Background
Postgraduate supervision is expected to foster academic growth, ethical research practice, and intellectual independence. However, supervisory relationships may also become sites of power abuse, where manipulative behaviours undermine student autonomy, delay academic progress, and negatively affect well-being. This study explored manifestations of manipulative supervision within South African higher education institutions and examined their implications for postgraduate students and research ethics.

Methods
A qualitative multi-case study was conducted at two public universities between February and April 2024. A purposive sample of 24 participants was selected, comprising 14 postgraduate students (8 Master’s and 6 PhD candidates) and 10 academic supervisors from the faculties of Science, Education, and Social Sciences. Data were generated through 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions. The data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis framework.

Results
Four interrelated themes emerged. First, academic gatekeeping was evident through delayed feedback, excessive revisions, and shifting expectations, which students perceived as mechanisms to control progression. Second, exploitation of student research was reported, with students describing pressure to include supervisors as authors or to prioritise supervisors’ publication agendas over their own research goals. Third, emotional manipulation and favouritism manifested through selective support, intimidation, and conditional approval, contributing to anxiety, self-doubt, and isolation among students. Finally, a lack of institutional recourse was identified, as students expressed fear of retaliation and limited confidence in existing grievance mechanisms. Some supervisors acknowledged power imbalances but framed these practices as necessary for academic rigor and training.

Conclusion
Manipulative supervisory practices, whether intentional or normalized, undermine postgraduate development, ethical research conduct, and student well-being, and contribute to the persistence of inequitable academic cultures.

Recommendations
Clear supervision guidelines, transparent supervisory agreements, regular feedback channels, and stronger institutional accountability mechanisms are essential to promote ethical, supportive, and transformative postgraduate supervision environments.

Resilience in the face of exclusion: A qualitative case study on how students with disabilities adapt to campus life in resource-constrained universities.

2025-07-17T07:59:47+00:00

Background
Students with disabilities continue to face substantial barriers in accessing and participating fully in higher education, particularly within resource-constrained institutions where inclusive infrastructure and support services are limited. Understanding how these students navigate such environments is critical for informing inclusive practice.

Methods
A qualitative case study design was employed at a South African university of technology. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 18 participants, comprising 12 students with disabilities, 3 academic staff members, and 3 student support personnel. The student participants included 7 females and 5 males, aged between 19 and 32 years, with physical, visual, and hearing impairments. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was conducted following Braun and Clarke’s framework. Credibility was enhanced through peer debriefing and member checking.

Results
Four major themes emerged. Structural barriers and inaccessibility were evident through inadequate physical infrastructure and limited access to learning materials. Social exclusion and stigma manifested in experiences of isolation and misunderstanding from peers and staff. Personal agency and resilience were demonstrated as students adopted coping strategies such as audio-recording lectures, negotiating informal accommodations, and forming peer support networks. The theme of limited institutional support reflected gaps in policy implementation, with staff citing budgetary constraints and limited institutional prioritisation of disability services. Despite these challenges, students displayed strong determination and adaptive capacity, relying heavily on peer-based support.

Conclusion
While students with disabilities in resource-constrained universities demonstrate notable resilience, systemic barriers continue to undermine equitable participation. Reliance on individual coping strategies alone is insufficient to achieve meaningful inclusion.

Recommendations
Universities should prioritise low-cost inclusive interventions, including disability awareness training, accessible learning materials, clear signage, and structured peer mentorship programmes to strengthen institutional support for students with disabilities.

Common dietary patterns and their effects on blood pressure control among hypertensive clients at Mukono General Hospital. A cross-sectional analytical study.

2025-10-22T13:45:32+00:00

Background

The DASH diet is characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, reduced salt, legumes, and nuts. This study investigates common dietary patterns and their effect on hypertension control among clients at Mukono General Hospital.

Methodology

A cross-sectional analytical design was employed. A sample of 101 hypertensive outpatients aged 18-75 years was selected using systematic random sampling from the NCD clinic in June 2025. Primary data were collected via researcher-administered structured questionnaires, including a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary patterns and a digital sphygmomanometer for blood pressure (BP) measurements (average of two readings taken. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with descriptive statistics for dietary patterns, chi-square tests for bivariate associations, and binary logistic regression for adjusted odds ratios (AOR) at p<0.05 significance.

Results:

Out of the 101 participants, 72 (80%) were female, and 18 (20%) were male. The DASH diet was the most commonly followed dietary pattern among participants (75.6%, 95% CI: 66.7-84.4), followed by the detox diet (62.2%, 95% CI: 52.2-72.2). (42.2%, 95% CI: 32.0-52.4) Of respondents followed the Mediterranean diet, and the least commonly followed was the Ketogenic diet (8.9%, 95% CI: 3.0-14.8). Among the dietary patterns assessed, adherence to the DASH diet was associated with blood pressure control (p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant association was found between following Mediterranean (p= 0.818), detox (0.152), and Ketogenic (p=0.065). Participants who adhered to the DASH diet were less likely to have uncontrolled blood pressure compared to the non-adherents (AOR=0.084, P=0.001).

Conclusion

The most commonly followed dietary pattern was the DASH diet.

Participants who adhered to the DASH diet were less likely to have uncontrolled blood pressure compared to the non-adherents.

Recommendation

Policymakers should support affordable access to DASH-compatible foods via subsidies and labeling regulations.

Hand hygiene intricacies in maternity departments in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review.

2025-09-03T20:52:07+00:00

Introduction

Hand hygiene (HH) is vital in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which are a significant concern in maternity departments, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the critical role of effective HH practices during childbirth, compliance rates remain alarmingly low across the region. This scoping review aims to systematically map the existing research on the intricacies of healthcare workers in maternity departments in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

Literature published in English across three databases: PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect, was reviewed. The methodology involved a comprehensive search strategy that encompassed studies published between January 2016 and May 2025. A robust review process was initiated, led by a team of eight reviewers, who collaboratively assessed the identified literature. To ensure the rigour and thoroughness of the review, the review was supported by a lead reviewer, who oversaw the evaluation process and facilitated consensus on key findings.

Results

Out of 481 records identified through database searching, only three studies were ultimately selected for inclusion, conducted across multiple SSA countries, with a focus on assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HH. The results highlight significant variability in compliance rates, with many facilities reporting suboptimal HH practices due to inadequate resources, training, and awareness. Barriers to effective HH include a lack of supplies, insufficient infrastructure, and cultural attitudes towards HH.

Conclusion

This scoping review reveals a critical gap in research on hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan African maternity departments, with only three studies meeting the inclusion criteria. These findings underscore an urgent need for expanded research and targeted interventions to improve HH practices and reduce healthcare-associated infections in SSA maternity settings.