Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

Prevalence and factors associated with calcium disturbances among neonates admitted with nec at Lira regional referral hospital: A cross-sectional study.

2026-05-12T06:11:22+00:00

Background:

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly among preterm and low birth weight infants. Calcium disturbances, including hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, are common complications in critically ill neonates and are associated with poor outcomes. However, there is limited data on calcium disturbances among neonates with NEC in Uganda.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with calcium disturbances among neonates admitted with necrotizing enterocolitis at Lira Regional Referral Hospital.

Methods:

A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 151 neonates with NEC admitted between February and April 2025. Data were collected using a structured tool and analyzed using STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify associated factors, and variables with p < 0.2 were included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results:

The prevalence of calcium disturbances was 15.9% (95% CI: 10.8%–22.7%). In multivariable analysis, maternal corticosteroid use (AOR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.10–24.79, p = 0.04) and neonatal convulsions (AOR = 7.08, 95% CI: 1.19–18.65, p = 0.02) were independently associated with hypocalcemia. For hypercalcemia, urban residence (AOR = 8.99, 95% CI: 1.63–49.53, p = 0.012), maternal gestational hypertension (AOR = 6.90, 95% CI: 1.03–46.13, p = 0.046), and neonatal fever (AOR = 17.49, 95% CI: 2.32–24.89, p < 0.001) were significant predictors.

Conclusion:

Calcium disturbances are common among neonates with NEC and are associated with both maternal and neonatal factors.

Recommendation:

Neonates admitted with NEC should undergo routine serum calcium assessment for early detection and timely correction of calcium disturbances.

Sudan Ebola virus persistence in breastmilk: A systematic mixed-studies review of viral shedding and transmission risk.

2026-02-03T06:30:48+00:00

Introduction

Ebola virus disease (EVD) poses significant risks to pregnant and breastfeeding women, with viral persistence in breastmilk potentially enabling mother-to-child transmission. This systematic mixed-studies review synthesizes evidence on Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) in breastmilk, transmission risks, and implications for infant feeding during outbreaks.

Methodology

This searched Google Scholar, WHO, and global databases (January 2015–December 2024; English only) for peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and grey literature using terms like "Ebola Virus Disease" and "Persistence of Ebola Virus in Breast Milk." Inclusion: studies on EVD-positive women intending to breastfeed; exclusion: non-comprehensive case identification. Secondary data from Uganda's 2022 SUDV outbreak (89 cases) used RT-PCR for breastmilk. Two reviewers independently screened/extracted data; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Risk of bias assessed via narrative synthesis (no formal tool); certainty via GRADE (low-moderate due to observational data)

Results

The earliest viral clearance was observed on day 54, and the latest clearance occurred 223 days after discharge from the hospital. Overall clearance occurred faster in the left breast (average 80 days) than in the right breast (average 115 days). Older survivors cleared slower than their younger counterparts. While mothers were eager to re-lactate, their fears lay in re-infection and loss of breast milk due to viral clearance. Additionally, (Ready-to-use Infant Formula) RUIF nourished the babies beyond the need for breast milk. Food insecurity and post-traumatic stress disorder did not spare the milk letdown reflex, perhaps even struggling to get a sample to test.

Conclusion

Sudan Ebola Virus (SUDV) persists in breastmilk with clearance rates significantly influenced by maternal age and anatomical asymmetry. Beyond these biological risks, survivors face a "double burden" of PTSD and food insecurity post-recovery.

Recommendation

Formulate guidelines on utilization of RUIF and re-lactation for comprehensive survivor care with trauma-informed psychosocial support to address the complex emotional and physiological barriers to safe infant feeding.

Refractive error in vernal catarrh at tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional observational study.

2026-03-01T12:46:00+00:00

Background:
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, recurrent allergic disease of the ocular surface that predominantly affects children and adolescents. Limited literature exists on its association with other refractive errors, such as myopia and hypermetropia. Understanding this association is essential to prevent avoidable visual impairment and amblyopia during the critical period of visual development.

Methods:
This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study included children aged 5–18 years diagnosed clinically with VKC. Detailed demographic data and ocular examination findings were recorded. Visual acuity was assessed, intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured, and slit-lamp examination was performed to evaluate conjunctival and corneal changes. Refractive status was assessed using autorefractometry followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective acceptance. The results were analysed by SPSS software. Data from 100 patients were analysed and expressed as percentages.

Results:
In this study of 100 children, the majority were aged 16–18 years (36%), and males predominated (71%). Bilateral involvement was seen in 32% of cases. Myopia was the most common refractive error (48%), followed by hypermetropia (24%), while 28% were emmetropic. Among myopes, mild myopia was most frequent (45.8%), with similar prevalence between males and females.

Conclusion:
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is strongly associated with refractive errors, particularly myopia, in children. Routine refractive evaluation should be an integral part of VKC management to ensure early detection and timely correction, thereby improving visual outcomes and quality of life.

Recommendation

This study highlights the need for early detection and timely correction of refractive errors, which are essential to prevent amblyopia, optimize visual development, and improve academic performance and quality of life.

Factors associated with ocular features in children with Malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital, Benin City. A cross-sectional study.

2026-06-09T05:40:26+00:00

Background:

The study aims to assess the factors associated with ocular features in children with Malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital.

Methods:

A case control study at the UBTH in which Data were analysed using the Statistical Software Package SPSS, version 21. Quantitative variables were summarised using descriptive statistics. The relationship between ocular features and the identified factors was presented as bivariate frequency tables and charts where applicable.

Results:

The ages of the subjects ranged from 11months to 16 years for cases and 3 years to 17 years for controls. The mean age for the cases and control were4.08±3.85and 4.04±2.49, respectively.

The prevalence of any ocular features of malaria was seen to be higher in males (25%) than in females (21.1%) in this study, although the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.490). The highest prevalence of ocular features of severe malaria was seen in children in the < 5-year age group (26.8%). Prevalence of ocular features of malaria (any retinopathy) was higher in children who had convulsed (54.8%) than in those who did not (45.2%). Retinopathy is significantly associated with high malaria parasite density (p=0.002). Prevalence of retinopathy in patients with 3 plus (+++) Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite was higher than in children with 2 plus (++). There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of ocular features of malaria with a decrease in the social class of subjects and vice versa (p=0.000).

Conclusion:

The ocular features of malaria are more frequently found in patients with more severe malaria infestation. Ocular features of malaria were higher in the children who had convulsed.

Recommendations:

The Ophthalmologist should be consulted in the co-management of children with malaria complications. This will aid diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment modalities.

A Retrospective Descriptive Coho Outcomes of intravitreal Bevacizumab injection on diabetic macular oedema patients of different ethnic groups in a Tertiary hospital setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A Retrospective Descriptive Cohort Study.

2026-04-06T02:33:55+00:00

Background:

To investigate the variation in central macular thickness and visual acuity among different ethnic groups following three intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab at McCord Eye Hospital.

Methods:

A retrospective observational cohort study of patients with diabetic macular edema from different ethnic groups at McCord Eye Hospital. Patients were classified into Black, Caucasian, Coloured, and Indian ethnic groups. Baseline measurements included visual acuity, measured in decimal and reported in LogMAR, and central macular thickness (CMT) measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). These measurements were taken before three intravitreal Bevacizumab injections spaced six weeks apart, with follow-up measurements two weeks after the third injection. The study compared changes in VA and CMT between ethnic groups and explored the influence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and ocular prognostic markers on treatment outcomes.

Results:

349 eyes from 204 patients were enrolled. The number of eyes per ethnic group was 170 Indian, 129 Black, 22 Caucasian, and 22 Coloured. Indians showed the least improvement, with a VA change of 0.82 LogMAR (0.15) and a CMT reduction of -90 µm. Caucasian had a VA change of 0.57 LogMAR (0.27) and a CMT of -94 µm. Black experienced a VA change of 0.63 LogMAR (0.24) and CMT of -122 µm. Coloured performed best, with VA change of 0.47 LogMAR (0.34) and CMT of -125 µm (P=0.001). Hypertension and dyslipidemia prevalence in Indian 56%, Caucasian 32%, Black 15%, Coloured 18%.

Conclusion:

The Ethnic groups with the least VA improvement and CMT reduction had the highest prevalence of systemic risk factors and poor prognostic ocular biomarkers, highlighting their significant impact on treatment outcomes.

Recommendations

Diabetic macular oedema requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage systemic risk factors rigorously and early detection of poor prognostic indicators, which will allow for prompt escalation of treatment.

A retrospective study of the peri-operative outcomes of obstetric patients with cardiac disease, presenting for a caesarean section, under regional anaesthesia at a quaternary hospital.

2026-04-27T14:50:50+00:00

Background

Cardiac disease in pregnancy remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity with increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. This retrospective study aims to analyse the anaesthetic management and the peri-operative outcomes in this patient population.

Methods

The database of pregnant cardiac patients, who delivered at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH) from 1^st July 2018 until 31^st December 2022 was retrieved. Records of patients who delivered via a caesarean section performed under regional anaesthesia were selected, and their charts were reviewed for the type of anaesthetic and any occurrence of major adverse cardiac events.

Results

305 patients were included in the study period. 247 patients were operated under regional anaesthesia, and 58 were operated under general anaesthesia. Maternal cardiac events occurred in 4.3%. The most frequent neuraxial technique was spinal anaesthesia in 58.7%, followed by combined spinal anaesthesia (CSE) at 29.6%. A high modified WHO risk score was associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Conclusion

The study suggests that regional anaesthesia may be used in high-risk cardiac obstetric patients without an unexpected high incidence of MACE, supporting its cautious use in appropriately selected patients within specialised centres.

Recommendations

Regional anaesthesia should be considered as the first-line anaesthetic technique in appropriately selected pregnant cardiac patients for caesarean section.

Artificial intelligence in preoperative assessment of gallbladder polyps.

2026-05-31T09:46:24+00:00

Background

Gallbladder polyps (GBPs) are increasingly detected due to widespread use of ultrasonography. Although most polyps are benign, certain characteristics can indicate malignancy, necessitating surgical intervention. Differentiating benign from malignant polyps preoperatively remains a diagnostic challenge, often leading to unnecessary cholecystectomies. Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the role of AI-based imaging analysis in the preoperative assessment of gallbladder polyps to improve diagnostic precision and reduce unnecessary surgical procedures.

Methods

A retrospective dataset of 420 patients with diagnosed gallbladder polyps was analyzed. Ultrasonographic and radiologic images were processed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on annotated cases classified by histopathological outcomes. The model evaluated polyp size, echogenicity, base attachment, and growth patterns. Statistical comparisons were made between AI prediction outcomes and actual histopathology reports. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated.

Results

The AI model demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 87.6% in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps. It achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 89.2%, outperforming human radiologists whose average diagnostic accuracy was 74.5%. Notably, the AI algorithm reduced false positives in polyps <10mm, which traditionally lead to overtreatment. ROC curve analysis yielded an AUC of 0.93, indicating high diagnostic reliability. Integration of clinical metadata (e.g., age, BMI, and lipid profile) further improved performance metrics.

Conclusion

AI-driven analysis of gallbladder polyp imaging provides a valuable adjunct in preoperative decision-making. Its superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional radiology holds promise for minimizing unnecessary surgeries and optimizing patient outcomes. Future multicentric studies and prospective validation are necessary before clinical implementation.

Evaluating the pericapsular nerve group block in hip fracture patients: A prospective observational cohort study.

2026-03-20T11:35:12+00:00

Background

This study aimed to assess the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block combined with a spinal anaesthetic compared to only a spinal anaesthetic in patients presenting for hip fracture surgery. The objectives were to determine the ability of a patient to sit for a spinal anaesthetic, rest, dynamic hip pain scores, and the incidence of lower limb motor blockade following the block. Furthermore, time to first request for opioid analgesia post-operatively and the total opioid consumption in morphine equivalents were determined.

Methods

A prospective, observational study with 40 participants who were recruited via purposive sampling. Participants receiving the PENG block combined with a spinal anaesthetic were allocated to the PENG block (Group P, n = 20) and those receiving only a spinal anaesthetic (Group C, n = 20). Group P received bupivacaine 0.25% 20ml injected into the target site in the block area, followed by spinal after 30 minutes in theatre. Group C received a spinal only.

Results

There were no significant differences in participants’ characteristics. Group P had 90% of the participants able to sit adequately without IV analgesia for a spinal versus 45% in Group C. Group P had statistically significantly lower rest (p<0.001) and dynamic (p<0.001) pain scores compared to Group C at 30 minutes following PENG block injection (T1). Thirteen (65%) participants in Group P did not have motor blockade as they were able to lift the blocked leg to 15 degrees at T1. A longer duration to first opioid analgesia required was found in Group P (p <0.001). The total IV morphine equivalent analgesic requirement for Group C was almost double that required for Group P (p = 0.009).

Conclusion

PENG block combined with spinal anaesthesia is better compared to spinal anaesthesia only.

Recommendations

A randomised controlled trial with a larger sample size is recommended.

Role of procalcitonin levels in progression of staging of chronic kidney disease: A retrospective observational study.

2026-01-03T08:46:02+00:00

Background:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with chronic inflammation and progressive deterioration of renal function. Procalcitonin, traditionally used as a marker of bacterial infection, has been reported to be elevated in CKD patients even in the absence of infection.

Objectives:

To evaluate the association between serum procalcitonin levels and the severity and progression of chronic kidney disease.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study was conducted at Naraina Hospital & Research Center, Uttar Pradesh, India, over one year. Medical records of 200 adult CKD patients were reviewed. Patients with acute infections, sepsis, dialysis dependency, renal transplantation, or incomplete records were excluded. CKD staging was determined using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Associations between procalcitonin levels, CKD stage, and disease progression were analyzed using ANOVA, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results:

Mean procalcitonin levels increased significantly across CKD stages, from 0.08±0.03 ng/mL in stages 1–2 to 0.85±0.26 ng/mL in stage 5 (p<0.001). Patients with CKD stage progression had significantly higher procalcitonin levels compared with patients without progression (0.64±0.21 vs. 0.22±0.10 ng/mL; p<0.001). Procalcitonin demonstrated a significant negative correlation with eGFR (r=-0.71, p<0.001) and a positive correlation with serum creatinine (r=0.68, p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Serum procalcitonin levels increase significantly with advancing CKD stage and are associated with disease progression. Elevated procalcitonin may reflect chronic inflammation and impaired renal clearance rather than infection alone.

Recommendation:

Procalcitonin should be interpreted cautiously in CKD patients and may be considered as an adjunct biomarker for monitoring disease severity and progression. Prospective multicenter studies are recommended to validate its prognostic utility.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of infection prevention and control among health-care workers at a regional referral hospital in Uganda. A cross-sectional survey.

2026-04-16T11:36:26+00:00

Background:

The burden of hospital-acquired infections is highest in low- and middle-income countries, with rates of as high as 16% being documented, yet already burdened with a high prevalence of highly transmissible infectious diseases like Hepatitis B and HIV. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infection prevention and control (IPC) among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a tertiary regional referral hospital in Uganda.

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested structured questionnaire among 144 participants. The healthcare workers were selected through a systematic random sampling technique. Multivariate logistic regressions were computed to identify associated factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of infection prevention and control, with variables having a p-value < 0.05 being considered statistically significant.

Results:

The proportions of adequate knowledge, good attitude, and practices of IPC among HCWs were 85.2%, 82.3%, and 59.8%, respectively. Advanced age (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00–1.33, p-value = 0.040), male sex (OR 5.92, 95% CI: 1.02–34.5, p-value = 0.048), and longer years of work experience (OR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00–0.47, p = 0.015) were significantly associated with high KAP scores above 70. However, having IPC training experience, the presence of infection prevention guidelines, and adequate PPE supply at the workstation did not show statistically significant associations with a KAP score above 70.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study revealed a good knowledge and attitude of infection prevention in the majority of healthcare workers, with a relatively minimal practice rate. Sociodemographic factors like age, sex, and work experience were associated with high KAP scores.

Recommendation:

Further qualitative research on behavioural factors associated with KAP on infection prevention and control is also recommended.

Barriers to effective utilization of mobile health initiatives in the timely initiation of antenatal care among mothers living with HIV/AIDS in Kamuli district. A cross-sectional study.

2026-04-08T10:27:05+00:00

Background:

Mobile health (mHealth) initiatives have shown significant promise in improving antenatal care (ANC) uptake among pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV). This study examined the barriers to effective utilization of mHealth initiatives in the timely initiation of ANC among mothers living with HIV/AIDS in Kamuli District, Uganda.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional phenomenological qualitative design was adopted. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 10–15 pregnant women living with HIV and 5 key informant health workers from health facilities implementing mHealth initiatives in Kamuli District. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and key informant interviews using a structured interview guide. Interviews lasting 45–60 minutes were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using Atlas. TI software, following both deductive and inductive approaches.

Results:

Most respondents were aged 25–30 years (40%), farmers/peasants (35%), and had attained primary education (40%). Seven key themes emerged as barriers to mHealth effectiveness: technological and network barriers, including poor connectivity and lack of compatible devices; privacy and confidentiality concerns regarding HIV status exposure; cultural beliefs conflicting with digital health adoption; financial constraints limiting access to data and smartphones; stigma and fear of HIV disclosure discouraging digital engagement; misinformation about mHealth and ANC services; and competing priorities and time constraints that reduced participants' capacity to engage with mHealth platforms.

Conclusion:

Despite the potential of mHealth to promote early ANC initiation among PWLHIV, its effectiveness in Kamuli District is significantly undermined by technological, socio-cultural, financial, and privacy-related barriers that collectively reduce uptake and engagement.

Recommendations:

Stakeholders should invest in rural network infrastructure, subsidize mobile data for PWLHIV, enforce robust data privacy regulations, design culturally sensitive and locally contextualized mHealth content, and integrate community-based approaches involving village health teams and local leaders to enhance mHealth reach and acceptability.

Profile and outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients requiring a caesarean section at an academic hospital in Johannesburg: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

2026-04-21T22:38:06+00:00

Background

The obstetrics population represents a significant proportion of patients who present to our hospital, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH). This study aims to determine the profile and outcomes of obstetric patients who are COVID-19 positive, requiring caesarean section.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional observational research study design was performed. The study population consisted of COVID-19 PCR-positive parturients undergoing caesarean section (CS) at CHBAH. A convenience contextual sampling method was used. Anaesthetic and maternal clinical records of 326 patients were reviewed during the period 1^stMarch 2020 to 31^st March 2021.

Results

One hundred and seventy-four patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 30 (IQR 26-37) years, a BMI of 26.6 (23.9-30.5) kg/m^2, and a median gestational age of 38 (37-39.5) weeks, were included in the study. Most of the patients were classified as ASA-PS 2 (81.6%) and underwent emergency procedures (86.8%). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence was 28.7%, with hypertension (5.7%) being the next most common comorbidity. Pregnancy-related complications were predominantly related to pre-eclampsia (24.1%). Preterm delivery occurred in 40.2% of cases. Thrombocytopenia was uncommon (2.8%), with cases attributable to HELLP syndrome or isolated findings. COVID-19 severity was predominantly mild, with no significant association found between HIV status and disease severity. The patient outcome showed 94% ward admission, 5% HCU/ICU admission, minimal need for inotropic support (0.6%), and overall length of stay (LOS) of 10 days. Mortality was low at 0.6%.

Conclusion

COVID-19 in the pregnant population did not result in poorer outcomes, which is in keeping with other studies in this field.

Recommendation

Maintain standard COVID-19 risk stratification irrespective of HIV status. Prioritise early detection and management of hypertensive disorders, strengthen antenatal care to reduce prematurity, and ensure preparedness for emergency caesarean sections with continued access to critical care and multidisciplinary support.

Environmental and dietary habits as determinants of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women of childbearing age in Ibadan metropolis. A cross-sectional study.

2026-04-12T17:13:17+00:00

Background:

This study examined the roles of environmental factors (specifically climatic conditions), genetics, and dietary habits as potential contributors to PCOS among women of childbearing age in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Methods:

A descriptive correlational design was adopted. Data were collected using a self-developed, four-scale questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0.77. Multistage sampling was employed: purposive sampling was used to select all state-owned primary health centres in Ibadan; disproportionate sampling selected 60% of these centres; and a further disproportionate technique selected 50% of nursing mothers from the chosen centres, yielding a sample of 400 respondents.

Results:

77(19.9%) of the respondents were between the age of 20 - 29 years, 135 (35%) were between the age of 30 - 39 years, 137 (35.5%) were aged 40 - 49 years with the least number of respondent 37 (9.6%) were aged 50 - above, with educational background (87.8%) and about (56%) were of the monogamous family type while (44%) were polygamous. Regarding the determinant of PCOS by the respondents, 25.1 % affirmed that Hormonal shifts throw off body temperature regulation, 20.8% testified that the environment also affects and causes irregular flow. Climatic conditions (β = .461, t = 8.777, p < 0.05), genetics (β = .443, t = 9.695, p < 0.05), and diet (β = .590, t = 5.032, p < 0.05) each had a statistically significant and notable impact on PCOS among women of childbearing age.

Conclusion:

It was established that climatic conditions, dietary habits, and genetic predisposition collectively and independently predicted PCOS among women of childbearing age in Ibadan. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of PCOS.

Recommendation:

The Ministry of Health/Women's Affairs needs to integrate public health interventions targeting lifestyle, environment, and genetics as risk factors to polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Knowledge of health workers regarding infection control at Kajjansi Health Centre IV. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-13T10:34:31+00:00

Background:

Knowledge of infection control among health workers is essential for preventing healthcare-associated infections and ensuring patient safety. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge of health workers regarding infection control at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was used, where participants were given questionnaires to fill in quantitatively, the data were coded, and analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, and presented using tables, Bar charts, and pie charts.

Results:

A total of 55 healthcare workers were interviewed, 61.8% (34/55) were females. The mean age of the participants was 25.3, with the majority, 54.5% (30/55), in the age group of 26 to 30 years. 50.9% (28/55) of the participants were diploma holders, and 63.6% (35/55) of the participants were nurses. 85.5% (45/55) of the participants were found to be knowledgeable about infection control. 92.7 % (51/55) knew that disinfection and antiseptics prevent healthcare-acquired infections. 87.3% (87/55) of the healthcare workers believed that every piece of equipment needs decontamination before sterilization, with more than half of the respondents, 81.8% (45/55), knowing about infection control, while 72.3% (40/55) knew the recommended guidelines about hand hygiene.

Conclusion:

The knowledge of infection control was good, although gaps remain in formal training, especially on hand hygiene and standard precautions.

Recommendation:

There is a need for regular in-service training and continuous professional development on infection control.

Investigating the prevalence of multidrug-resistant enterobacterales at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A retrospective cross‑sectional study of ESBL-producing isolates.

2026-04-14T22:58:31+00:00

Background:

The emergence of multidrug‑resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) presents a major challenge in healthcare settings due to limited therapeutic options and increased morbidity. Extended‑spectrum β‑lactamases (ESBLs) confer resistance to multiple β‑lactam antibiotics and are widely disseminated through plasmid‑mediated mechanisms, compromising the effectiveness of commonly used antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales (ESBL‑PE) and describe associated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Methods:

A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using laboratory data from 2,421 Enterobacterales isolates recovered from clinical specimens of infected patients at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu‑Natal, South Africa, between January 2023 and December 2023. Data were analysed to determine the prevalence of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales, identify predominant ESBL‑producing species, and describe their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.

Results:

ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales accounted for 27.8% (672/2 421) of all Enterobacterales isolates. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species were the predominant ESBL producers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated high levels of resistance to β‑lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones among ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales. Carbapenems remained active against the majority of ESBL‑producing isolates; however, reduced susceptibility was identified among a subset of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates a substantial burden of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales in a quaternary hospital setting. The observed resistance patterns highlight the importance of strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, susceptibility‑guided therapy, and ongoing surveillance to limit the spread of multidrug‑resistant pathogens.

Recommendations:

Further studies are warranted to investigate molecular resistance mechanisms and potential sources of transmission.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection amongst food vendors in the main market of Gulu City. Cross-sectional study.

2025-12-12T14:45:38+00:00

Background:

Helicobacter pylori infection is a widespread gastrointestinal infection affecting more than half of the global population, with higher prevalence in low-resource settings due to poor sanitation and hygiene. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection amongst food vendors in the main market of Gulu City.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was conducted involving 113 food vendors selected through a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Results:

The study involved 113 respondents, 70.8% were female, and 29.2% male. (32.7%) were aged 26-35 years, followed closely by those aged 36-45 years (31.1%), while 19.5% were between 18-25 years, and 16.8% were 46 years and above. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher among females (62.5%) than males (54.5%), suggesting that gender-related differences in hygiene practices or risk exposure may influence infection rates. In terms of age, most participants were aged 26-35 years (32.7%) and 36-45 years (31.1%), representing the most active and economically productive age. This age category’s high participation in food vending also reflects a greater likelihood of exposure to H. pylori infection, since they are the most engaged in daily food handling activities. The majority of respondents came from Gulu (37.1%), followed by Arua (22.1%) and Kitgum (14.2%). This distribution suggests that most food vendors were local residents or nearby migrants who have long-term exposure to the same market environment, potentially increasing the risk of cross-contamination and persistent infection within the area.

Conclusion:

The study shows a notable prevalence of H. pylori infection among food vendors in Gulu City, with higher rates in females and those aged 26–45 years.

Recommendations:

Health education on hygiene and safe food handling should be strengthened among vendors, alongside improved sanitation facilities in the market.

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds attending surgical wards at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-12T14:07:57+00:00

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen in septic wounds, particularly among patients admitted to surgical wards. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds who were admitted to the surgical ward at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology:

The study adopted a cross-sectional design and involved 80 purposively selected patients with septic wounds. Wound swabs were collected using sterile swabs, appropriately labeled, and processed using standard microbiological techniques, including Gram staining, culture on selective media, and confirmatory biochemical tests such as catalase and coagulase.

Results:

The majority of respondents, at 53.75% (n=43), were males, while females accounted for 46.25% (n=37). The most affected age group represented was those above 60 years (47.5%, n=38), followed by participants aged 18–30 years (22.5%, n=18). The prevalence of S. aureus was higher among males (64.3%, n=18) compared to females (35.7%, n=10). This suggests that male patients may be more prone to S. aureus wound infections, possibly due to increased exposure to injury, occupational risks, and delayed health-seeking behavior. The highest prevalence of S. aureus was observed among respondents aged above 60 years (53.57%, n=15), followed by those aged 18–30 years (21.42%, n=6). The lowest prevalence occurred in patients below 18 years (7.14%, n=2). This trend suggests that elderly individuals may be at greater risk, likely due to weakened immunity and delayed wound healing.

Conclusion:

This study found that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital was a common cause of wound infection.

Recommendation:

Routine screening of septic wounds and strict infection prevention practices should be strengthened to improve early detection and management of S. aureus.

Prevalence of Hypokalaemia in patients presenting with Diarrhoea at Kiswa Health Centre III, Nakawa Division in Kampala District. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-13T10:22:41+00:00

Background:

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Hypokalaemia in patients presenting with Diarrhoea at Kiswa Health Centre III, Nakawa Division, in Kampala District.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 138 patients presenting with diarrhea. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and laboratory analysis of serum sodium levels using an automated chemistry analyzer. Results are presented in tables, graphs, and charts.

Results:

The study enrolled 138 respondents presenting with diarrhea, with the largest age group being 18–35 years (40 participants, 29.0%), followed by children under five years (36 participants, 26.1%). Young children (<5 years) and elderly adults (≥60 years) were more prone to severe electrolyte imbalances. Males constituted a slightly higher proportion of the study population (51.4%) compared to females (46.4%). Hypokalemia affected participants across all age groups, with children under five being the most affected, accounting for 32 cases (23.2%) across all severities: 14 mild (10.1%), 11 moderate (8.0%), and 7 severe (5.1%). Elderly adults contributed 17 cases (12.3%), including 7 mild (5.1%), 5 moderate (3.6%), and 5 severe cases (3.6%). Adults aged 18–35 years recorded 16 cases (11.6%), adolescents 5–17 years 10 cases (7.2%), and adults 36–59 years 11 cases (8.0%). Mild hypokalemia was the most common across all age groups, followed by moderate cases, while severe hypokalemia was less frequent. Overall, children under five and elderly adults were consistently the most affected, highlighting their increased vulnerability to potassium depletion during diarrheal illness.

Conclusion:

Hypokalemia is common among diarrheal patients, with children under five and adults over 60 being most vulnerable, and mild cases being the most frequent.

Recommendation:

Routine potassium screening, proper rehydration, and patient education are essential to prevent and manage hypokalemia, especially in high-risk groups.

Determining institutionally related factors affecting online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives at Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-09T19:14:12+00:00

Background

Across developing countries, frequent power outages and unstable electricity supply disrupted synchronous learning and reduced overall participation in online classes. The study aims to determine institutionally related factors affecting online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives at Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted. The population consisted of 200 student nurses and midwives, with a sample size of 133 determined using Slovin’s formula. Stratified random sampling ensured fair representation from six class levels. Data was collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, checked for completeness, coded, and analysed with SPSS version 22 and Microsoft Excel. Results were presented as frequencies, percentages, tables, and charts.

Results

The majority, 79 (59.4%) of the respondents were females, while the minority, 54 (40.6%) were males. The majority (56.4%) of the respondents mentioned that the institution rarely supported them. Most respondents 68, 51.1%) stated that digital resources provided by their institution were not sufficient at all. Regarding formal training, the majority, 123 (92.5%) of the respondents stated that their institution did not provide training for online teaching. Most respondents 46, 34.6%) reported that unstable access to institutional online platforms was a challenge, while the least 20, 15%) mentioned limited interaction with lecturers and administrative staff. The majority of 100 (75.2%) of the respondents confirmed that their institution had a system for monitoring and evaluating online teaching effectiveness.

Conclusion

Lack of support, insufficient digital resources, and inadequate training were the significant institutional factors that affected online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives.

Recommendations

Institutions should provide technical support, reliable internet, and digital resources, and organise training for students on online platforms.

Food safety and microbial risk assessment of mixed vegetable salads sold from Arua Park restaurants in Kampala city Centre. A cross-sectional study.

2026-04-10T14:44:15+00:00

Background:

Foodborne illnesses remain a major public health concern globally and in Uganda, largely due to microbial contamination of ready-to-eat foods. This study assessed the microbial quality and associated health risks of mixed vegetable salads sold in Arua Park restaurants in Kampala City Centre.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was employed. Twenty-seven mixed vegetable salad samples were collected from nine randomly selected canteens and analyzed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. Additionally, 156 structured questionnaires were administered to consumers, and observational assessments were conducted to evaluate food handling practices. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level, while Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was performed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results:

APC levels ranged from 3.1 to 4.83 log CFU/g, within acceptable limits. Salmonella spp. We’re not detected in any samples. However, Staphylococcus aureus counts ranged from 2.97 to 5.13 log CFU/g, with 66.67% of samples exceeding acceptable safety limits. Most canteens (77.78%) stored salads at room temperature and served them without heat treatment. The QMRA estimated a mean exposure dose of 8.301 × 10⁶ CFU/day and a mean probability of infection of 18.4%, indicating a considerable public health risk.

Conclusion:

Although general bacterial loads were within acceptable limits and Salmonella spp. were absent, the high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in most samples suggests poor hygiene and unsafe handling practices. This poses a significant risk of foodborne illness to consumers.

Recommendations:

Regular training of food handlers, strict enforcement of food safety regulations by authorities, and improved storage practices are recommended. Further studies should explore microbial risks in other foods and locations to strengthen food safety interventions in Uganda.

Comparing bacterial load and type present in Chapatti sold by different vendors at Shilabela Market, Geita District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study.

2026-06-03T08:39:38+00:00

Background:

The study aims to compare bacterial load and type present in Chapatti sold by different vendors at Shilabela Market, Geita District, Tanzania.

Methodology:

A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Chapatti market stalls of Shilabela Market from May to June 2025. The primary study population included chapati samples sold by vendors at Shilabela market, and the secondary study population included the chapati vendors operating in Shilabela market. Data were summarised into tables, bar graphs, and pie charts using Excel.

Results:

112 chapatti samples were collected from four separate vendors at Shilabela Market. Sample production was similar across vendors, with Vendor A and Vendor D having 28 samples (25.0% each), Vendor B having 29 (25.9%), and Vendor C contributing 27 samples (24.1%). The chapatti from Vendor D had the highest mean bacterial load at 5.7 × 10⁵ CFU/g, with 46.4% of samples higher than the limit. Vendor C had the lowest mean bacterial load at 3.9 × 10⁵ CFU/g and presumably the lowest proportion of samples above the limit. The microorganisms' species distribution differed among the four vendors at Shilabela Market. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate for Vendors A and D, who both had 50% of their samples contaminated. Vendor B had the highest prevalence of Escherichia coli (48.3%). Vendor C represented a mix and was present in a more balanced presence of E. coli with S. aureus.

Conclusion:

There was substantial historical variability in contamination, with some vendors having a greater presence of certain types of pathogens. Differences in levels of bacterial contamination may be largely attributed to vendor behaviour and hygiene practices.

Recommendations:

Consumers should be made aware of the potential health issues associated with consuming contaminated chapatti products through community sensitisation campaigns.

Seroprevalence of dengue infection and its correlation with platelet count: A retrospective observational study.

2026-05-30T11:37:57+00:00

Background:
Dengue fever is a virus that frequently spreads through mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions. Thrombocytopenia, a common hematological abnormality associated with dengue infections, is occasionally used as a measure of the illness's severity.

Aim:
To determine the seroprevalence of dengue infection and evaluate its correlation with platelet count in suspected cases.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred patients who were clinically suspected of having dengue were included in this retrospective analysis. Dengue NS1 antigen and IgM antibody testing were used for the serological diagnosis. Hematological records were used to determine platelet counts. The chi-square test was employed in the statistical analysis of the data to ascertain the correlation between dengue positivity and platelet count.

Results:
60 cases out of 100 samples tested positive for dengue, indicating a 60% seroprevalence. Dengue infection was substantially linked to thrombocytopenia. The platelet counts of most dengue-positive patients ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 cells/mm³. Low platelet counts and dengue infection were significantly correlated, according to statistical analysis (p = 0.006).

Conclusion:
Thrombocytopenia and dengue infection are strongly correlated. For dengue patients to be effectively managed and complications to be identified early, platelet count monitoring is crucial.

Recommendation:

In suspected or confirmed dengue cases, routine platelet monitoring is advised since thrombocytopenia reflects the severity of the illness and the likelihood of sequelae. Patients with low platelet counts must be closely monitored and given an early test diagnosis. To improve disease treatment and outcomes in dengue-endemic areas, public health awareness, vector control, and healthcare facilities must be strengthened.

Age-Related Morphometric Changes of the Human Cervix Uteri in Lower Assam

2026-06-07T09:33:45+00:00

Background: Morphometric data of the human cervix is essential for surgical safety and diagnostic accuracy. This study aims to quantify age-related changes in cervical dimensions and weight.
Materials and Methods: 30 human cervical specimens were analyzed across three age groups: Group A (20–35 yrs), Group B (36–49 yrs), and Group C (50+ yrs). Length and breadth were measured using slide calipers, and weight was recorded in grams.
Results: Peak cervical length was observed in Group B (mean 2.670 cm), while Group C showed significant regression, with a mean cervical length of 2.120 cm. Mean weight dropped significantly from ~22.6 gm in reproductive years to 12.390 gm post-menopause.
Conclusions: The cervix reaches its maximal morphological dimensions in the fourth decade of life, followed by pronounced involution in the postmenopausal period.

Histological Changes in the Human Cervix Uteri With Advancing Age: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study From Assam

2026-06-07T09:11:43+00:00

Introduction

The uterine cervix is a dynamic biological barrier that undergoes significant structural changes due to aging and hormonal shifts. This study aims to quantify mucosal thickness and histological variations in the human cervix across different life stages in the Assamese population.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 30 cervical specimens divided into three groups: Group A (25–35 years), Group B (36–49 years), and Group C (50+ years). Histological processing was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Mucosal thickness was quantified digitally using Image J software.

Results

Mean mucosal thickness was 2.920 mm in Group A, 2.750 mm in Group B, and a statistically significant reduction was observed in Group C, where the mean mucosal thickness was 1.820 mm. Younger specimens showed thicker mucosa and well-developed cervical glands, whereas older specimens showed glandular atrophy and mucosal thinning. The squamocolumnar junction was identified in most specimens.

Conclusion

The cervix shows progressive mucosal thinning and glandular atrophy with advancing age, particularly after 50 years. These observations may serve as baseline histological data for future studies on cervical pathology in North-Eastern India.

Recommendation

The findings provide baseline histological data on age-related cervical changes and may assist anatomists, pathologists, and gynecologists in distinguishing normal aging changes from pathological alterations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and multicentric participation are recommended.

Lived experiences of individuals with diabetes mellitus and HIV comorbidity in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu District. A cross-sectional study.

2026-04-09T05:43:40+00:00

Background:

The study aimed to explore the lived experiences of individuals with diabetes mellitus and HIV comorbidity in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu District.

Methodology:

This study employed a narrative inquiry qualitative design to explore the lived experiences of individuals with both diabetes and HIV in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu district. Participants were purposively selected from patients previously involved in a 2022 Medical Research Council study, with a sample size of 10–15 determined by data saturation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured guide, audio-recorded, and conducted in participants’ homes. Thematic content analysis was applied using NVivo. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, ensuring confidentiality, credibility, and rigorous data management throughout the study.

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed seven core themes that characterized the lived experiences of participants. These included adherence to treatment, where managing multiple medications and complex regimens proved challenging; health care accessibility and quality; psychosocial adaptation, as individuals adapted their lifestyles and identities in response to dual diagnoses; and emotional and psychological resilience, built through personal strength, spirituality, and support networks. Other key themes were social support and community engagement, where family, peer groups, and community organizations played a critical role; treatment and medication management; and health literacy and patient empowerment, which varied among participants and influenced their ability to manage both conditions effectively. Two additional themes emerged as major barriers to accessing care: health care access and systemic challenges, including drug stock-outs, limited integration of services, and financial constraints; and cultural and personal beliefs, which shaped illness perceptions and influenced treatment decisions.

Conclusion:

People with HIV and diabetes showed resilience but faced stigma, financial challenges, and fragmented healthcare, limiting effective management.

Recommendation:

The Ministry of Health and healthcare providers should strengthen integrated, patient-centred care with improved education and reliable medication supply.

Sonographic patterns of infra and supra-clavicular malignant lymph nodes in breast cancer patients at the Uganda cancer institute. A cross-sectional study.

2025-11-13T07:04:15+00:00

Background

At the Uganda Cancer Institute, the sonographic protocol for breast imaging in malignancies mainly focuses on the breast itself and level I axillary lymph nodes. Axillary Level II, level III plus supraclavicular ultrasound scans are not routinely requested and yet are vital in early detection of lesions even before they become clinically apparent.

Methodology

This was a hospital based cross-sectional study involving 378 breast cancer patients who were randomly sampled. Those with dual malignancies were excluded. Clinical evaluation of the breasts, the axilla, the sub-clavicular, the infra and supra clavicular areas was performed followed by sonographic examination by experienced sonographers and imaging technologists.

Results

Infraclavicular and supraclavicular sonographicaly malignant lymph nodes ranged from 0.13-3.8 cm in length with a mean of 2.2 cm. Most of the lymph nodes 58% maintained their oval shape and had changes in other areas such the capsular margins (45% being irregular), cortex thickened (71.8%), unclear corticomedullary boundaries (71.3%) hilar thinning, (68.5%), calcifications (21%), necrotic changes (27.6%), and presence of flow on color Doppler which when combined together, fit our criteria for classification of lymph node as malignant. Level V (the posterior triangle of the neck) had 47.4% of the supraclavicular lymph nodes.

Conclusion

The commonest stations for supraclavicular malignant lymph nodes were Level V (the posterior triangle of the neck). The presence of flow, possession of unclear corticomedullary boundaries, thickening of the cortex were among the commonest patterns in the malignant lymph nodes.

Recommendation

All medical imaging professionals particularly those doing sonography on cancer patients and suspected cancer patients should start including the scanning of axillary levels II, III and the supraclavicular areas (at least level V, III and VII) in their protocols in addition to the normal scanning of the breast and axillary level I only.

Ambulatory blood pressure patterns and associated lifestyle behaviours in a cross-sectional study of young adult university students.

2026-04-16T08:52:06+00:00

Background:

Hypertension (HTN) is a significant silent health threat in all age groups, including young adults, often presenting no symptoms while causing long-term cardiovascular damage. This study aimed to explore ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) patterns, nocturnal BP changes, BP variability, morning BP surges, and the association between ABP and lifestyle factors in healthy university students.

Methods:

Demography, lifestyle, and family history of HTN were obtained using a questionnaire. ABP was measured using a portable automatic oscillometric monitor. Study participants were recruited from students enrolled at the University of Bamenda, Cameroon, who had no known history of cardiovascular disease and voluntarily agreed to collaborate. Data were analyzed using SPSS®, and the relationship between ABP parameters.

Results:

A total of 105 individuals participated in this study, and their mean age was 23.08±4.78. With a few exceptions, the mean BPs of males were slightly higher than those of females, with elevated 24HSBP of males significantly (p<0.02) higher than that of females and normal 24HDBP of males significantly (p<0.03) higher than that of females. The pulse rate of females at 60-100 bpm was significantly higher than that of males in the daytime (p<0.009) and at 24H (p<0.003). Most participants were non-dippers, with a mean SBP change of 5.12.7 mmHg and a mean DBP change of 5.49±2.6 mmHg. Morning surge in SBP was within 10-30 mmHg in 76 participants. Ambulatory BP was associated with salty food (> 5 g salt/day), sugar-sweetened beverages, insufficient sleep, and family history of HTN.

Conclusion:

Ambulatory BP monitoring is critical in detecting a comprehensive profile of BP patterns, and if used in combination with lifestyle patterns, will be crucial for tracking BP changes and, by extension, cardiovascular health in young adults.

Recommendation:

Thus, there’s a need for widespread ABP monitoring of healthy youngsters in order to prevent future cardiovascular disease.

A Narrative Review of Customary Power or Political Instrument: The Evolving Role of Traditional Leaders in Zimbabwe’s Decentralised Governance System.

2026-04-01T11:00:55+00:00

This study examines whether the evolving role of traditional leaders in Zimbabwe’s decentralised governance system reflects customary power or functions as a political instrument. Using a narrative review approach, the study synthesises existing literature on traditional leadership, decentralisation, and local governance to trace shifts in authority, legitimacy, and institutional positioning. It situates traditional leaders within both historical and contemporary governance frameworks, highlighting how their roles have been reshaped from pre-colonial and colonial periods to the post-independence decentralisation agenda. The analysis explores the formal and informal functions performed by traditional leaders, including community representation, dispute resolution, land administration, and participation in local development initiatives. It further examines their interaction with state institutions within decentralised governance structures, where they are expected to enhance grassroots participation, service delivery, and local accountability. At the same time, the study critically interrogates the influence of political dynamics, particularly the extent to which traditional leaders are integrated into formal state systems in ways that may align them with partisan interests. The findings reveal that traditional leaders operate within a hybrid governance space characterised by overlapping customary authority and state-driven political roles. While this dual positioning can strengthen local legitimacy and facilitate community-level governance, it also raises concerns about the autonomy and accountability of customary institutions. The study contributes to policy and governance debates by emphasising the need for clearer institutional frameworks that define and balance the roles of traditional leaders, safeguard their independence, and promote democratic decentralisation in Zimbabwe.

Advances in imaging techniques for thyroid disease: ultrasound, elastography, and beyond – A prospective observational cross-sectional study.

2026-05-12T14:30:35+00:00

Background

Accurate differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is essential for appropriate management and early detection of thyroid cancer. While ultrasonography (USG) is the primary imaging modality for thyroid evaluation, its specificity is limited by overlapping features between benign and malignant lesions. Elastography and other advanced imaging techniques have emerged as valuable adjuncts to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

This prospective observational cross-sectional study included 110 adult patients with suspected thyroid disease over 11 months. All participants underwent conventional ultrasonography and elastography, while selected cases received advanced imaging, including contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and Doppler vascularity assessment. Imaging findings were correlated with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological examination. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Chi-square testing, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Among the 110 patients, 78 (70.9%) had benign lesions, and 32 (29.1%) had malignant lesions. Ultrasonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 85.2%, specificity of 72.5%, and accuracy of 78.9%. Elastography showed superior performance with a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 84.3%, and accuracy of 87.3%. The combined use of ultrasonography and elastography achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (90.9%) and showed a statistically significant improvement compared with individual modalities (p=0.008). Elastography scores of 4–5 were significantly associated with malignancy (p=0.001). Hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and irregular margins were also significantly associated with malignant lesions.

Conclusion

Elastography significantly enhances the diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasonography. A multimodal imaging approach improves diagnostic accuracy and may reduce unnecessary invasive procedures.

Recommendation

Routine incorporation of elastography alongside conventional ultrasonography is recommended for comprehensive evaluation of thyroid nodules and improved early detection of thyroid malignancy.

Knowledge and preventive strategies of childhood domestic injuries among nursing mothers in Edo State: a cross-sectional study.

2026-03-12T10:33:17+00:00

Background:

Childhood domestic injuries remain a significant public health concern, particularly among children under five years who spend most of their time in the home environment.

Objective:

This study assessed the knowledge and preventive strategies of childhood domestic injuries among nursing mothers attending Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was adopted. The study population comprised 44,732 nursing mothers attending PHC facilities in Edo State between January and October 2023. A sample of 447 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique, and 399 valid responses were analyzed. Data were collected using a validated self-structured questionnaire (KPSCHDIQ), which yielded a test–retest reliability coefficient of 0.82. Descriptive statistics were used to answer the research questions, while linear regression analysis was employed to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance.

Results:

The findings revealed that 62.9% of respondents had moderate knowledge of childhood domestic injuries, 21.8% had high knowledge, and 15.3% had low knowledge. Preventive strategies were inconsistently practiced, with most respondents reporting that they sometimes engaged in safety measures such as removing hazardous objects, supervising children, and safely storing chemicals. However, critical measures such as installing window guards and using child-resistant devices were rarely practiced. Regression analysis indicated that knowledge did not significantly predict preventive strategies (β = 0.008, p = 0.869).

Conclusion:

Although nursing mothers demonstrated moderate knowledge of childhood domestic injuries, this knowledge did not significantly translate into consistent preventive practices. This suggests that other contextual factors, such as socioeconomic conditions and access to safety resources, may influence the adoption of preventive measures.

Recommendations

Community-based awareness campaigns should be organized to educate caregivers on the importance of maintaining safe home environments and adopting comprehensive injury prevention practices.

Effect of social gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

2026-04-29T14:51:28+00:00

Background:

The effect of social gambling is most pronounced on social and environmental well-being. The study aims to analyse the effect of social gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda.

Methodology:

A quantitative cross-sectional study. The target population was all youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala. The accessible population comprised youth in four randomly selected parishes in Nakawa Division, totaling about 11,050 youth.

Results:

There was a significant effect of social gambling on mental well-being (β=.139, p=.007). The study results show that social gambling significantly accounted for 1.9% of the variance in mental well-being (R² = .0.19, F (1,369), p =.007). The regression coefficient for social gambling was 1.093, with a standard error of 0.405. This implies that for every unit increase in social gambling behaviour, mental well-being increases by 1.093 units. The positive relationship between social gambling and mental well-being was found to be statistically significant (t (369) = 2.701, p=0.007). R² is below 0.25, indicating that the effect size is small. The R²of 0.019 obtained in the present regression model indicates that social gambling behaviour plays a less substantial role in mental well-being. The majority of the participants had attained Advanced Level (A-level) education (37.9%) as their highest level of education.

Conclusion:

Social gambling has a weak but statistically significant positive relationship with youth mental well-being, mainly influencing social and environmental well-being. Social gambling appears to provide opportunities for peer bonding and recreation, which may offer temporary psychological benefits.

Recommendations:

It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and Sports and the National Council for Higher Education introduce courses and modules on problem gambling in universities and other higher learning institutions.

Understanding the epidemiology of Ebola Bundibugyo virus (EBV) in selected populations: a cross-sectional study in Buhendera and Bwamba counties, Bundibugyo district.

2025-12-31T13:47:54+00:00

Background:

Bundibugyo district has an estimated population of 224,387 people. Ebola Bundibugyo was first identified in 2007, leaving over 150 people infected and over fifty-six deaths recorded, giving 40% fatality rate.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was carried out in the six study sites, selected from each county. Risk factors, distribution, endemicity, and mode of action and transmission of this strain were examined. Risk factors, distribution, and endemicity were assessed using systematic sampling, mode of action, and transmission, and the anatomy was examined using the WHO standards of Automated or semi-automated nucleic acid tests (NAT) and antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

This research examines the general epidemiology of Ebola Bundibugyo among selected populations in Bughendera and Bwamba counties in Bundibugyo district. Bundibugyo had high cases, although these were not from the place where the first case was reported. The virus spread through movements, followed by Kasitu, who is believed to have reported the first case, Harugale, Busaru, Bubukwanga, Nduguto, and Karugutu. The majority of males (58.6%) said that they were involved in activities like collecting fruits from the forests, including hunting 41.4% were female who remained home waiting to cook what their male counterparts had brought from the forest. 72.2% reported that their relatives did not have access to the medical facilities. This indicates that healthcare facility accessibility was significantly related to EBV.

Conclusion:

The Ebola-Bundibugyo strain had a high fatality rate at 40%. The study revealed that cultural risk factors were more responsible for this distribution and severity of EBV.

Recommendations:

Ebola preventive messages should be incorporated into the routine health education scripts of the Ministry of Health of Uganda and the East African countries.

Prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50 years attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi health centre IV. A cross-sectional study.

2025-12-12T14:23:22+00:00

Background:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV, the level of knowledge, and utilisation of preventive services before diagnosis among patients aged 18-50 attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted for the study, with a simple random technique to obtain 100 respondents. Participants were randomly selected to participate in the study. Semi-structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions were used for data collection, and results were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results were presented in the form of tables.

Results:

Out of 100 participants, 10 (10%) were 41-50 years, 32 (32%) were between 31-40 years, 40 (40%) were between 21-30 years, and 14 (14%) were between 18-20 years. Seventy (70%) were females, and 30 (30%) were males. The overall prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50 attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi Health Centre IV was 80%, with 80 participants positive for HIV and 20(20%) participants negative for HIV. Regarding knowledge, 95% of the participants had heard about HIV before diagnosis, 20% had used PEP or PrEP before, and the 80% had never used PEP or PrEP before. Most, 70% of the participants use a condom during intercourse, 65% had received HIV counselling before diagnosis, while 35% had never received HIV counselling before, and 75% do often go for HIV ART services.

Conclusion:

The study reveals an exceptionally high HIV positivity rate among the screened clinic population at Kajjansi, alongside high basic awareness but critical gaps in biomedical prevention.

Recommendation:

Future studies should be conducted on a large scale to obtain a clear picture of the prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50, representing statistics.

Retrospective case series of the anaesthetic management and outcomes of patients with Rasmussen’s aneurysms at an academic hospital.

2026-04-09T21:03:57+00:00

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) has a high burden of disease in South Africa, and a Rasmussen’s aneurysm is a late complication of TB. Although rare, the risk for life-threatening complications is high (>50%). Pulmonary artery embolization (PAE) is a highly specialised, minimally invasive technique used for the management of haemoptysis caused by a Rasmussen’s aneurysm, which is not commonly performed in Lower Middle-Income Countries.

This study aimed to describe the periprocedural anaesthetic management and outcomes of patients presenting with Rasmussen’s aneurysms treated with PAE in the interventional radiology suite at an academic hospital.

Methods

This was a retrospective case series, and arterial embolization (AE) records were collected over the years. All patients identified with Rasmussen’s aneurysms were included in the study.

Results

The prevalence of Rasmussen’s aneurysms was 9%. Of the sixteen patients included in the study, thirteen were male, and three were female. Tuberculosis infection was noted in ten patients, and five patients had a current or previous history of smoking. The median duration of the general anaesthesia procedures was 4 hours 5 minutes (interquartile range 03:03 - 05:33), with nine cases done electively and eight done as emergencies. A total of 15 patients were intubated using double-lumen endotracheal tubes, and 12 patients were covered by both consultant and registrar anaesthesiology coverage. Median haemoglobin was 10.5g/dl, and eleven patients did not receive periprocedural blood transfusions. All patients were embolised successfully using metallic coils and sent to a high-dependency unit post-procedure.

Conclusion

This study provides several novel insights into the prevalence and anaesthetic management of Rasmussen’s aneurysms in patients presenting with haemoptysis for PAE.

Recommendation

The study recommends implementing multidisciplinary, protocol‑driven peri‑procedural care with thorough preoperative assessment, appropriate monitoring, skilled anaesthesia support, and postoperative high‑care management to optimise outcomes in patients with Rasmussen’s aneurysms.

Health locus of control and prostate cancer screening uptake following prostate cancer education among male college students in Nigeria. A quasi-experimental pretest–post-test control group study.

2026-04-08T19:00:59+00:00

Background

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among Nigerian men and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Health locus of control (HLoC) is a well-established psychosocial construct with demonstrated influence on preventive health behaviour. This study investigated the effect of a structured disease education programme on knowledge, attitude, and uptake of prostate cancer screening among male college students in Oyo State, Nigeria, and examined the moderating roles of health locus of control and religion.

Methods

A quasi-experimental pretest-post-test control group design with a 2x2x2 factorial matrix was adopted. Two hundred (200) male students were recruited from government-owned Colleges of Education in Oyo State using a multi-stage sampling technique. Participants in the experimental group received an eight-week structured prostate cancer disease education programme; the control group received personal hygiene education. Data were collected using validated instruments: the Knowledge of Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (KPCSS, α=0.78), Attitude Towards Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (ATPCSS, α=0.81), and Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (UPCSS, α=0.77). Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test hypotheses at p<0.05.

Results

Disease education significantly improved knowledge (F (1,192) =139.204, p<0.001, η²=0.420), attitude (F(1,192) =184.553, p<0.001, η²=0.490), and uptake (F (1,192) =143.890, p<0.001, η²=0.428) of prostate cancer screening. Locus of control had a significant main effect on uptake (F (1,192) =3.624, p=0.048, η²=0.019), with participants of external locus of control recording higher post-intervention uptake scores. Religion had no significant main effect on any outcome.

Conclusions

Disease education is an effective intervention for improving prostate cancer screening behaviour among male college students in Nigeria. Health locus of control differentially predicts screening uptake, with externally oriented individuals responding more strongly post-intervention.

Recommendation

Targeted health education programmes in tertiary institutions should incorporate psychosocial constructs such as locus of control to optimise uptake of cancer screening.

Human hydatidosis: A retrospective analysis in Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq.

2026-05-26T00:40:44+00:00

Background

Human hydatidosis is one of the important zoonotic infections that causes public health concerns among individuals. The present study aimed to study the epidemiological properties of hydatidosis infection in Duhok governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Methodology

In the current study, a total of 55 patients with hydatidosis were recorded from January 2025 to February 2026, and all patients’ information was tabulated in tables.

Results:

Infected males and females were recorded in 47.3% and 52.7%, respectively, with 58.2% of infection in the liver, 27.3% in the lung, and 14.5% in other organs. The highest infected age group was 16–30 years with 40% of infection, and according to residence distribution, 60% of infection occurred in rural areas, and 40% in urban areas. Regarding occupation, the higher infection rate were shown in unemployed individuals (47.3 %), and higher rate of infected patients were recorded with single hydatid cyst (74.5 %), and about diagnosis, 43% of patients were diagnosed by ultrasound methods and 56.4 % with other diagnostic methods, and according to treatment types, 83.6 % were recorded in surgical method and 16.4 % in Non-surgical methods.

Conclusion

According to this study, we can conclude that there are important points that influence the prevalence of hydatidosis among individuals, which are exposure to transmission factors, socioeconomic status, and the lifestyle of people.

Recommendation

Study the role of stray dogs, vegetables, and water sources in the transmission of parasites. A study about different techniques in the diagnosis of parasites and molecular characterization studies about the Echinococcus granulosus parasite.