Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae): Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Fruit Extracts.

2025-03-05T18:49:06+00:00

Background

Medicinal plants are still the main source of therapeutic substances for treating infectious diseases that seriously endanger human health in South Africa. The current study examined the potential therapeutic applications of the young, ripe, and mature fruits of M. azedarach.

Methods

A standard protocol, which included chemical reagents and a series of reactions, was used to determine the presence of the phytochemical compound classes. The methanol and hexane extract of young, ripe, and mature fruits were applied to six bacterial strains (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) to evaluate their antibacterial activity.

Results

Methanol extracts of young, ripe, and mature fruits tested positive for six bioactive compounds. Hexane extracts of young, ripe, and mature fruits tested positive for four bioactive compounds. All six bacterial strains were highly susceptible to the methanol extract of fruits. Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the young fruits. Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, MRSA, and P. aeruginosa were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the ripe fruits. Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli were strongly resistant to hexane extracts of the mature fruits.

Conclusion

Melia azedarach fruits, whether young, ripe, or mature, contain bioactive therapeutic compounds (Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Sterols, Steroids/Terpenoids, Phenols, Mucilage and Gums, Fixed oils, and fats) that can be used to develop medicines to treat various human ailments and display strong antibacterial potential.

Recommendations

Future research is needed to evaluate each bioactive compound's antibacterial activity and efficacy to determine which can be used as components in producing antibacterial medicines and drugs.

Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Sutherlandia frutescens against Shigella flexneri

2025-03-14T13:21:39+00:00

Background: Shigella flexneri is a highly infectious bacterium responsible for gastrointestinal infections and has developed alarming levels of antibiotic resistance over the years. It particularly poses a threat in developing countries. Traditional medicinal plants offer potential alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapies.

Aim: To investigate the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Sutherlandia frutescens against Shigella flexneri.

Setting: This laboratory-based study was conducted in a controlled environment at the Mangosuthu University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kwa- Zulu Natal, South Africa.

Methods: Aqueous extract of Sutherlandia frutescens was prepared using standard methods. The extract was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer Antimicrobial Sensitivity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays.

Results: Sutherlandia frutescens aqueous extract demonstrated statistically significant antimicrobial activity against Shigella flexneri with p-values less than 0.05. The aqueous extract showed moderate activity with a high MIC (1.56 mg/ml) and equivalent MBC (1.56 mg/ml) values suggesting balanced bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity.

Conclusion: The findings of the study show that S. frutescens exhibits promising antimicrobial activity against Shigella flexneri, supporting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent for treating gastrointestinal infections.

Keywords: Aqueous extract, Sutherlandia frutescens, Antimicrobial, Shigella flexneri, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.

Burn Injury treatment outcomes related to severity and first aid response

2025-03-31T12:47:09+00:00

Background: Burn injuries are a significant global health issue, with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Early first aid intervention and severity assessment play a crucial role in determining treatment outcomes and recovery.

Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, from November 2021 to October 2022, including a minimum of 100 patients with acute burn injuries. Data were collected on patient demographics, burn severity (TBSA), clinical parameters, and treatment outcomes. Laboratory investigations and monitoring were performed to assess prognosis and the impact of first aid response on recovery.

Results: Among the 66 burn survivors, complications were strongly linked to initial treatment. Patients receiving professional medical care had the best outcomes, with 57.69% experiencing no complications and only 7.69% developing severe complications. First-aid-only patients had higher complication rates, with 50% developing mild and 25% severe complications. All survivors in the no-treatment group (100%) had severe complications, emphasizing the critical role of professional medical intervention (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Early professional medical care significantly improves survival and reduces long-term complications in burn patients. Delayed or inadequate treatment leads to higher mortality and severe complications, highlighting the need for timely medical intervention.

Comparison of Modified Mallampati Classification and Acromio-Axillo-Suprasternal Notch Index in Predicting Difficult Laryngoscopy: A Prospective cohort study.

2025-03-28T06:05:43+00:00

Background:
Difficult airway management remains a major concern in anesthesia, with unanticipated intubation failures increasing perioperative morbidity and mortality. Accurate preoperative identification of at-risk patients is essential for safe airway management and reducing complications like hypoxia and failed intubation. Among airway assessment tools, the Modified Mallampati Classification (MMP) and Acromio-Axillo-Suprasternal Notch Index (AASNI) are commonly used. This study compared the predictive accuracy of MMP and AASNI in forecasting difficult visualization of the larynx (DVL) during direct laryngoscopy.

Methods:
A prospective cohort study was conducted on 106 adult patients aged between 18 and 60 years, scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. Each patient underwent preoperative airway assessments using MMP and AASNI. During laryngoscopy, the Cormack-Lehane (CL) grading was recorded. Diagnostic parameters—sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), odds ratio, and likelihood ratios—were calculated to evaluate the predictive performance of MMP and AASNI.

Results:
Of the 106 participants, 58 (54.7%) were male and 48 (45.3%) were female. The mean age was 38.11 ± 9.88 years, with the majority aged 40–50 years (38.7%). The average BMI was 24.75 ± 2.33 kg/m². AASNI showed higher sensitivity (83.3%) and NPV (93.9%) compared to MMP (41.67% and 83.7%, respectively), while MMP had greater specificity (87.8%). Both tools shared equal PPV (50%) and diagnostic accuracy (77.36%). AASNI demonstrated a higher odds ratio (15.5 vs. 5.14) and lower negative likelihood ratio (0.220 vs. 0.664), confirming superior predictive performance.

Conclusion:
AASNI is a more reliable and objective predictor of difficult laryngoscopy than MMP. It enhances preoperative airway assessment and supports better preparedness for airway management.

Recommendations:
Routine use of AASNI is recommended in pre-anesthetic evaluations. Future multicentric studies with larger, diverse populations are warranted to further validate its effectiveness and generalizability.

Vascular Malformation Advancement, Debate and Consensus: A Review

2025-04-01T17:19:46+00:00

Background

Congenital vascular malformations encompass a wide spectrum of anomalies, ranging from isolated capillary, venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations to complex mixed forms. These anomalies may occur as solitary lesions with minimal impact or as part of syndromic conditions, which are associated with significant morbidity due to limb overgrowth and tissue abnormalities. Given their clinical heterogeneity and underlying genetic mechanisms, a comprehensive understanding of vascular malformations is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy and optimizing treatment strategies.

Objective

This study aims to systematically review the classification, pathogenesis, genetic factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities for vascular malformations.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and expert consensus statements on vascular malformations. Studies published within the last two decades were prioritized, with an emphasis on recent advancements. Inclusion criteria encompassed research on classification, pathogenesis, genetic factors, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and ongoing debates in vascular malformation management.

Results

Genetic insights have redefined vascular malformation classification, with PIK3CA, TEK (TIE2), and RASA1 mutations playing a crucial role in pathogenesis. Advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), remain the gold standard for precise diagnosis, while genetic testing enhances diagnostic accuracy and guides personalized treatment. Conventional therapies such as sclerotherapy and embolization demonstrate 70–85% success rates; however, targeted molecular therapies, including Sirolimus and Alpelisib, have shown superior outcomes in PIK3CA-related cases.

Conclusion

The evolving landscape of vascular malformation management highlights the shift toward precision medicine, integrating advanced imaging, genetic diagnostics, and molecular-targeted therapies. Enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration and improving access to genetic testing will further refine treatment strategies, ensuring better outcomes and improved quality of life.

Recommendation

Future research should focus on large-scale clinical trials to establish standardized protocols for incorporating molecular therapies into routine clinical practice.

Patient satisfaction with regional anesthesia and general anesthesia in upper limb surgeries

2025-03-31T12:37:30+00:00

Background- Assessing patient satisfaction following anesthesia is a crucial metric for both quality control and raising hospital care standards.

Objectives- For upper limb procedures, the purpose of this study is to assess and contrast the patient satisfaction levels of regional and general anesthesia.

Materials and Methods- It was an open-label, cross-sectional study that took place at Shree Narayan Medical Institute & Hospital, Bihar, India. The study duration was for 1 year. Overall, 200 patients were enrolled in the study. Among all participants, 100 were those who underwent regional anesthesia, and the other 100 underwent general anesthesia.

Results- Most of the patients were more than 50 years of age in both the respective groups of regional anesthesia and general anesthesia. It was observed that 55 (55%) underwent minor surgery in the regional anesthesia group and 45 (45%) underwent major surgery. While in the general anesthesia group, 40 (40%) of patients underwent minor surgery and 60 (60%) of patients underwent major surgery.

Conclusion- The study found strong evidence that, especially when it comes to pain management and recovery durations, regional anesthetic greatly improves patient satisfaction after upper limb procedures. These results highlight the value of a patient-centered approach when selecting an anesthetic, indicating that regional anesthesia may be the better option due to its specific advantages.

MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY: DEEP VERSUS SUPERFICIAL ERECTOR SPINAE BLOCK - A RANDOMIZED TRIAL.

2025-03-22T06:27:52+00:00

Background

The quality of life, recovery, and functionality of patients are adversely affected by the intense pain that often follows breast cancer surgery, such as a modified radical mastectomy.

Objectives

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of superficial and deep erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks in individuals undergoing modified radical mastectomy.

Materials and Methods

It was a randomized-controlled pilot study that was conducted at Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. The study was conducted for one year, i.e., from September 2023 to August 2024. The study comprised 50 female patients.

Results

The average age of the fifty female participants in the study was 52 years. A consistent distribution of baseline clinical features and socioeconomic data was seen among the study groups. With a p-value < 0.05, the superficial ESP block group only lasted 04 hours before the first request for rescue analgesia; in contrast, the median length of 10 hours was significantly longer for the deep ESP block group.

Conclusion

This research shows that deep ESP blocks are more successful than superficial ESP blocks at lowering postoperative pain in patients having a modified radical mastectomy.

Recommendations

Deep ESP block is recommended for postoperative analgesia in mastectomy patients due to superior pain relief and reduced opioid use.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY OF VITAL SIGNS MEASUREMENT AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES AMONG IN-PATIENTS IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL WARDS AT MBARARA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN UGANDA.

2025-03-12T07:55:36+00:00

Background

Monitoring and recording vital signs is part of routine clinical care and a fundamental nursing procedure in hospitals. Repeated measurement provides early warning scores that assist in noticing a patient who is at risk of deterioration and hence prevent morbidity and mortality in hospitals. This study assessed the frequency of vital signs measurement and missed measurements among in-patients on medical and surgical wards at MRRH.

Method

A quantitative retrospective study using files of patients who were admitted and discharged between May 2020 and October 2020 in the medical and surgical wards of MRRH was conducted. 243 patient files were used in this study. Information on vital signs (Temp, PR, RR, BP, and SpO2) in patient files was collected.

Results

131(53.9%) were files of male, 76(31.3%) had gastrointestinal conditions as their diagnosis on the ward, and 2573(66.2%) of the patients’ vital signs were not recorded from admission to discharge on both medical and surgical wards. Most patients 7(47%) died at night than during day or evening time. The majority of patients with prolonged hospital stays 13, 81.3%) and deaths 2, 50%) had respiratory conditions on a medical ward. In the surgical ward, the majority of patients with prolonged hospital stays 14, 87.5%) were patients with musculoskeletal conditions, and more deaths 5, 45.5%) occurred in patients with gastrointestinal conditions. Missed opportunities were seen in all conditions, and they were all more than >50%.

Conclusion

Most of the patient files reviewed had missed vital signs from admission to discharge on both medical and surgical wards.

Missed opportunities were seen in patients with life-threatening conditions.

Recommendation

Nurse staffing levels should be paid attention to, and vital sign equipment should be availed to these wards to ensure that vital signs are monitored and the quality of care to patients is improved.

The Effectiveness of Post-operative Analgesia in Caesarean Section Patients at King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex: A Prospective Qualitative Descriptive analytical study at a District level Hospital in South Africa.

2025-01-21T10:54:03+00:00

Background:

Post-operative pain management in caesarean section (C-section) patients is crucial for optimal recovery. However, pain control in district-level hospitals, such as King Dinuzulu Hospital Complex in KwaZulu-Natal, often faces challenges due to resource limitations and variability in clinical practices. The study aimed to assess post-operative pain management following spinal anaesthesia in women receiving a caesarean section. The main objective was to assess a patient's pain level at specified time intervals post-operatively – therefore evaluating the adequacy of the post-operative analgesia prescribed and administered in decreasing a patient’s pain level.

Methods:

This prospective qualitative descriptive analytical study included 157 women undergoing elective C-sections under spinal anesthesia. Pain management effectiveness was assessed using patient questionnaires and visual analogue scales (VAS) at multiple time points post-operation.

Results:

The participants ranged in age from 18 to 44 years with a mean age of 30.5 years (SD = 5.54) and most of the participants were African (96.1%). The study revealed significant variability in analgesic prescriptions and administration, with many patients experiencing suboptimal pain relief. Despite a standard protocol, 29.9% of patients reported increased pain 24 hours post-surgery, highlighting inconsistencies in pain management practices.

Conclusion:

The findings underscore the need for standardized pain management protocols and improved training for healthcare providers to enhance patient outcomes.

Recommendations

The Authors recommend that healthcare workers should be trained on the latest postoperative analgesia guidelines for women coming for caesarean section. Pain should be regularly assessed in the postnatal ward and analgesia administered timeously.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS IN RURAL AREAS SURROUNDING BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-03T19:08:18+00:00

Introduction

Depression, a persistent low mood and aversion to activity, significantly affects thoughts, behavior, and well-being, often emerging during adolescence—a phase of rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. Globally, around 20% of adolescents experience psychological disorders, with depression being the most common.

Aim and objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among adolescent students in rural areas surrounding Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Material and methods

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Ekamra College, Sundarpada, a rural area near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, targeting 11th and 12th-grade students. Exclusions included those with major physical illnesses or diagnosed psychiatric conditions. The study included 220 participants (110 males and 110 females) selected based on roll numbers. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), with students completing the questionnaire based on their feelings over two weeks.

Results

with a mean age of 17 years; the majority (44.54%) were 18 years old. Most participants (84.10%) were Hindus, with 77.29% belonging to the general caste and 22.71% to OBC, SC, or ST categories. The study revealed that 70% of male and 76% of female students experienced depression, ranging from borderline clinical depression to extreme depression.

Conclusions

This study explores depression among rural adolescents in Odisha, identifying sleep duration, outdoor activities, socioeconomic status, parental conflicts, and education as key contributors. Addressing these stressors through improved habits, socioeconomic support, and healthier family dynamics could reduce depression, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in rural youth mental health.

Recommendations

Regular mental health screening programs should be implemented in schools to identify adolescents at risk of depression. Teachers and school staff should be trained to recognize early signs of depression and refer students for further evaluation.

AN APPRAISAL OF THE REFERENCE RANGE FOR BLEEDING TIME AMONGST YOUNG NIGERIA ADULTS

2025-01-07T14:38:47+00:00

Background

This study aims to create baseline values that reflect the distinct physiological traits of this population by evaluating the reference range for bleeding time among young adults in Nigeria. Bleeding time, an important hemostatic characteristic, varies among groups as a result of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences. This study seeks to add useful information to the sparse body of knowledge on hemostatic characteristics particular to the Nigerian population by undertaking a thorough examination of bleeding time in a sample of young Nigerian people.

Method

With a cross-sectional design, the study enrolls a varied group of healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 30. Bleeding time measurements are made using standardized procedures, and the outcomes are contrasted with accepted global reference ranges, gender, platelet count, and bleeding time variability.

Results

This study adds to our understanding of hemostasis in various groups and emphasizes the value of individualized reference intervals for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Conclusion

The researcher's conclusions have significance for clinical practice, assisting medical personnel in accurately diagnosing bleeding problems and enhancing patient treatment plans for young adults in Nigeria.

Recommendations

Healthcare institutions and diagnostic laboratories in Nigeria should adopt bleeding time reference ranges that reflect the local population’s physiological characteristics rather than relying solely on international standards.

A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATION STUDY ON PRE-FIXATION COMPRESSION SCREW AS AN INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR VARUS CORRECTION IN PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING FOR INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

2025-03-22T06:50:24+00:00

Background

Femur intertrochanteric fractures (IT) are frequent in the elderly population. For this age range, internal fixation using a minimally invasive technique would be optimal to lower morbidity.

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to assess the results and efficacy of varus alteration with a pre-fixation compression screw in the proximal femoral nailing of intertrochanteric fractures.

Materials and methods

This prospective observation study was conducted at a tertiary health care centre. The study was conducted for two years (January 2022 to January 2024). A total of hundred patients were enrolled in this study. The study will enroll patients aged 50 years and older who present with intertrochanteric fractures and are indicated for surgical treatment.

Results

The demographic analysis showed no significant differences in gender distribution, side of injury, or fracture type between PFN patients with and without PFCS. However, patients without PFCS were significantly older than those with PFCS (p<0.001). The intervention group, i.e., PFN with PFCS, showed significantly better outcomes in terms of fracture alignment and functional recovery. All the parameters, including alignment, Harris hip score, fracture union, length of stays, and complications, were found to be statistically significant (p-value <0.001) between PFN with PFCS group and PFN without PFCS.

Conclusion

The use of a PFCS in combination with PFN for the surgical treatment of intertrochanteric fractures had significant benefits, according to this study. Specifically, improved fracture alignment, improved functional recovery, and fewer postoperative issues have resulted from the use of PFCS.

Recommendation

The study recommends the use of a pre-fixation compression screw (PFCS) with proximal femoral nailing (PFN) for intertrochanteric fractures to enhance fracture alignment and functional recovery while reducing postoperative complications.

A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT OUTCOMES IN OSTEOARTHRITIC KNEES WITH VARUS DEFORMITY.

2025-04-06T13:09:58+00:00

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee with varus deformity is a common degenerative condition that severely impacts mobility and quality of life. Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is the standard surgical treatment for end-stage OA, though varus correction poses technical challenges.

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of TKA using a posterior cruciate substituting prosthesis in patients with varus knee deformity.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 30 patients (mean age: 63.2 years; 70% female) with primary OA and varus deformity (Kellgren–Lawrence grades III and IV), who underwent TKA at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal. Clinical and functional status were assessed using the Knee Society Score (KSS), while radiological evaluation confirmed prosthetic alignment. Follow-ups were performed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year.

Results

The mean preoperative clinical KSS (56.4) improved significantly to 90.2 postoperatively (p < 0.01), and the functional score improved from 48.3 to 81.6 (p < 0.01). Radiographs showed that all patients achieved neutral mechanical alignment without signs of implant loosening. By 6 weeks, over 80% of patients reported substantial pain relief, restored range of motion, and improved stair-climbing ability. No intraoperative or postoperative complications, such as infection or DVT, were reported. Outcomes were favorable across all deformity severity groups (<10°, 10–20°, >20°).

Conclusion

TKA using posterior cruciate substituting prostheses provides significant functional and radiological improvements in osteoarthritic knees with varus deformity. Proper preoperative planning and surgical precision are key to optimal outcomes.

Recommendations

Preoperative assessment should emphasize deformity severity and soft tissue balance. Surgeons should adopt individualized soft tissue release techniques and confirm mechanical axis restoration intraoperatively. Long-term follow-up and larger sample studies are recommended to assess prosthesis survivorship and late complications.

ASSESSMENT OF PAIN AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-03-26T13:14:41+00:00

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that leads to pain, stiffness, and functional limitations, significantly affecting quality of life. Knee OA, the most prevalent form, impacts multiple joint structures and causes progressive disability. Understanding the relationship between pain, functional impairment, and quality of life is crucial for effective management. This study assesses the correlation among knee osteoarthritis, pain, functional impairment, and overall quality of life.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Hi-tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar (2020–2022) with 800 participants aged 50–65 years diagnosed with unilateral knee OA. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), functional disability with the WOMAC index, and quality of life using the SF-36 survey. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, with Pearson correlation applied to assess associations between pain, functional disability, and quality of life (p < 0.05).

Results

Among 800 knee osteoarthritis patients (70% females, mean age 56.82 ± 4.75 years), the mean pain intensity (VAS) was 5.42 ± 1.09, and the total WOMAC score was 56.89 ± 8.47. Pain and functional disability showed a significant correlation (r = 0.285, p = 0.01), and higher disability was associated with lower quality of life (PCS: r = 0.595, MCS: r = 0.415, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Greater pain and functional disability significantly reduce the quality of life in knee OA patients. Effective pain and disability management strategies are essential for improving patient well-being.

Recommendation

Integrated management approaches focusing on both pain relief and functional rehabilitation are recommended to enhance the quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF HOFFA FRACTURE TREATED WITH CANNULATED CANCELLOUS SCREWS, HERBERT SCREWS AND BUTTRESS PLATES – A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY.

2025-03-31T05:47:24+00:00

Background

The three categories of partial articular fractures that make up distal femur AO type 33 B fractures are coronal split fracture, medial condyle fracture, and sagittal lateral condyle fracture. The rate of damage or the degree of osteoporosis influences the likelihood of a distal femur fracture.

Objectives

Examining the functional results of Hoffa fractures—coronal plane fractures of the femoral condyle—treated with buttress plates, cannulated cancellous screws, and Herbert screws is the goal of this study.

Materials and Methods

The orthopedic department of Srirama Chandra Bhanja (SCB) Medical College in Cuttack, Odisha, India, carried out this prospective study to examine the functional results of Hoffa fractures treated with buttress plates, cannulated cancellous screws, and Herbert screws. The research was conducted from June 2022 to May 2024.

Results

The study included 20 patients with an average age of 30.25 ± 7.01 years, predominantly male and manual laborers. Right-sided Hoffa fractures were more common, with Type I fractures and lateral condylar involvement being the most frequent. Male competitors made up 14 (70%), while female participants made up 06 (30%). 4.15±1.66 days passed between the injury and operation. The mean radiological union time was 2.3 ± 1.49 months, and the mean functional Knee Society Score was 80.45 ± 15.01. Complications were minimal, with infection in 10% and delayed union in 5% of cases.

Conclusion

Hoffa fractures are most frequently observed in male young adults and are mostly caused by automobile accidents. According to the results, anatomical factors also suggest that the lateral condyle sustains injuries more frequently than the medial condyle. Interestingly, every instance in this study was identified by X-ray and verified by CT scans, indicating that careful monitoring of X-rays by themselves can successfully detect Hoffa fractures.

Recommendation

Early intervention and tailored surgical approaches may improve Hoffa fracture outcomes.

A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 30-DAY MORTALITY AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY TROPONIN T LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY.

2025-03-04T03:05:16+00:00

Background:

Elevated troponin levels have been linked to adverse outcomes in cardiac surgery patients, but the specific impact of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) measured before and after surgery on short-term mortality remains unclear. This study analyses a retrospective cohort to determine the reliability of hs-TnT readings as early mortality prognostic markers and their potential to improve perioperative treatment.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort analysis, we examined 200 heart surgery patients at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, over 24 months (January 2023 – January 2025). After controlling for age, gender, operation type, and comorbidities, we investigated preoperative and postoperative hs-TnT levels and 30-day mortality.

Results:

This retrospective study of 200 cardiac surgery patients (mean age 63 years) demonstrated that elevated postoperative hs-TnT levels above 150 ng/L were associated with a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality, with an odds ratio of 4.5 (p < 0.001). Preoperative hs-TnT levels did not show a significant correlation with mortality. When adjusted for confounding factors, the highest quartile of postoperative hs-TnT levels was linked to a 4-fold increased mortality risk (adjusted OR = 4.0, p = 0.003). These findings suggest that monitoring hs-TnT levels post-surgery could be critical for predicting early mortality in cardiac surgery patients.

Conclusion:

Elevated postoperative hs-TnT levels are a strong predictor of 30-day mortality in cardiac surgery patients. Monitoring hs-TnT levels could be essential for identifying at-risk patients and enhancing postoperative care.

Recommendation:

Postoperative hs-TnT levels should be routinely monitored to predict 30-day mortality risk in cardiac surgery patients.

A Study on the Impact of Smart Phone Use on Haematological and Cardiovascular Parameters in the Adult Population

2025-03-31T12:10:52+00:00

Background: The increasing use of mobile phones has raised concerns about their potential health effects, particularly on cardiovascular, inflammatory and hematological parameters. This study investigates the impact of mobile phone usage on WBC count and blood pressure among adults.

Methods: This study was conducted at IGIMS, Patna, to assess the effects of mobile phone radiation on cardiovascular, inflammatory and hematological parameters. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, and WBC count was analysed using the hemocytometer method. Data on mobile phone usage were obtained from call logs, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS with a significance level of p<0.05.

Results: The study found that 76% of participants were aged 21-25 years, with males comprising 86% of the sample. Blood pressure analysis showed 47% had systolic BP >120 mmHg, and 51% had diastolic BP >80 mmHg. No significant correlation was found between mobile phone usage and blood pressure or leukocyte count (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Prolonged mobile phone use showed a non-significant trend toward higher blood pressure, but no direct impact on leukocyte count. Further studies with larger samples are needed to explore potential health effects.

STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF SEVERE COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS HAVING DIABETES MORE THAN 1 YEAR ADMITTED TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY.

2025-03-31T05:37:08+00:00

Aim

This study aims to assess the prevalence of CAP among diabetic patients receiving treatment at a tertiary care hospital in Bhubaneswar.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted at KIMS and PBMH, Bhubaneswar, analyzing hospital records of 100 diabetic patients with CAP over one year (April 1, 2023, to April 1, 2024). Data were collected on demographics, clinical history, and laboratory findings, and analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Results

The majority of participants were aged over 60 years, with a higher prevalence of CAP in uncontrolled diabetes (48%) than in controlled diabetes (45%). Urban residents were predominant in both groups, though low-income individuals had poorer diabetes control. Uncontrolled diabetic patients exhibited more severe symptoms, higher RBS and ESR levels, increased pleural effusion, and longer hospital stays.

Conclusion

Uncontrolled diabetes is associated with a marginally higher prevalence of CAP and increased disease severity. Socioeconomic factors, and glycemic control play a crucial role in patient outcomes.

Recommendation

It is recommended that improving glycemic control and addressing socioeconomic factors be prioritized in managing diabetic patients to reduce the prevalence and severity of CAP.

PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISMS IN HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA AMONG ICU PATIENTS AND ITS CLINICAL OUTCOMES: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

2025-04-04T05:09:06+00:00

Background

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a growing concern in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) among ICU patients, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, resistance profiles, clinical outcomes, and impact of antibiotic therapy on ICU patients with MDRO-related HAP.

Methods

A total of 100 ICU patients diagnosed with HAP were included in the study. The prevalence of MDROs, resistance profiles of the organisms, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Data on mechanical ventilation, ICU stay duration, mortality rates, and antibiotic therapy were collected and analyzed. The study also examined co-infections and complications in patients with MDRO infections.

Results

100 ICU patients were included, with a mean age of 58.4 ± 12.3 years; 60% were male and 40% were female. The majority of patients had comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (45%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (33%), and hypertension (30%). The most common MDROs identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (24%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (19%). These organisms exhibited high resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones. Patients with MDRO infections had significantly higher rates of mechanical ventilation (69% vs. 28%), prolonged ICU stays (62% vs. 14%), and a higher mortality rate (35% vs. 12%) compared to non-MDRO patients. Appropriate antibiotic therapy improved clinical outcomes, with a 40% improvement rate in the proper therapy group. Co-infections, including Candida albicans (12%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10%), were common in MDRO-infected patients.

Conclusion

MDROs significantly impact the clinical outcomes of ICU patients with HAP, leading to increased mechanical ventilation, longer ICU stays, and higher mortality. Appropriate antibiotic therapy plays a critical role in improving patient outcomes.

Recommendations

Early MDRO detection in ICU-HAP patients requires surveillance, rapid diagnostics, strict infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship to prevent resistance.

ASSESSMENT OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING ABILITIES AMONG FIRST-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS USING THE SDLI TOOL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.

2025-03-31T15:41:50+00:00

Background

Self-Directed Learning (SDL) is a cornerstone of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME), essential for fostering lifelong learning among future medical professionals. The National Medical Commission (NMC) mandates the integration of SDL in the undergraduate curriculum. However, limited studies in India have assessed SDL abilities using standardized tools.

Objective

To assess the Self-Directed Learning abilities among first-year undergraduate medical students using the validated Self-Directed Learning Instrument (SDLI).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among first-year MBBS students at Guntur Medical College, Andhra Pradesh. Data collection was conducted in December 2024. A total of 250 students were invited to participate, and 141 students completed the SDLI, yielding a response rate of 56.4%. The SDLI consists of 20 items categorized into four domains: Learning Motivation, Planning and Implementation, Self-Monitoring, and Interpersonal Communication. Each item was rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and domain-wise mean scores were calculated.

Results

Among the 141 participants, 51.1% were male, and 48.9% were female, with a mean age of 18.5 ± 0.52 years. The highest mean domain score was observed in Learning Motivation (25.56/30), followed by Planning and Implementation (22.63/30), Self-Monitoring (15.67/20), and Interpersonal Communication (11.44/15). The overall mean SDLI score was 75.29 out of a maximum of 95, indicating a moderate to high level of self-directed learning ability among the cohort.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that most first-year medical students possess a favorable level of self-directed learning ability, particularly in motivation and planning. However, relatively lower scores in interpersonal communication indicate a potential area for targeted educational interventions.

Recommendations

The faculty should enhance SDL training by incorporating collaborative learning activities, mentorship programs, and workshops on communication skills. Emphasis on interpersonal communication can complement students’ motivation and planning abilities, fostering well-rounded, self-directed learners aligned with CBME goals.

MUCIN PROFILE OF PROSTATIC LESIONS: A HISTOCHEMICAL APPROACH FOR DIFFERENTIATION IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER.

2025-04-19T08:29:21+00:00

Background: Microscopic differentiation of benign and low grade malignant lesions of prostate pose a challenging task for the pathologists. Immunohistochemistry markers can prove costlier in resource poor settings.

Objectives : To assess the utility of mucin stains in evaluating and differentiating benign and malignant lesions of prostate.

Materials and Methods : 100 prostatic biopsies received in the Pathology department of atertiary care hospital over a period of one and half years were included in this study. In additiontoroutineH&E,thesectionswerestainedwithPeriodicacidSchiff (PAS),Alcianblue(AB) andMucicarmine(MC) stains.

Results: Out of 100 prostatic biopsies studied, 90% of benign cases and 53% malignant lesions showed positivity with Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. With Alcian blue, 67% of malignant lesions showed positivity and with Mucicarmine 60% of malignant lesions showed positivity. In contrast only 1% of benign lesions were positive with Alcian blue and Mucicarmine

Conclusions: Neutral mucin was found to be more frequently positive in benign lesions of prostate whereas acidic mucin is expressed only in malignant lesions

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE OUTCOME OF TYMPANOPLASTY USING METHYLENE BLUE STAINED AND UNSTAINED TEMPORALIS FASCIA GRAFT: A COHORT STUDY

2025-03-28T13:46:44+00:00

Background

An inflammatory condition that affects both the middle ear space and the mastoid air cell system, chronic suppurative otitis media causes long-term or irreversible alterations in the tympanic membrane, such as atelectasis, dimeric or monomeric formation, perforation, tympanosclerosis, the formation of a retraction pocket, or cholesteatoma.

Objectives

The study's objective was to assess and contrast the results of tympanoplasty utilizing unstained temporalis fascia graft and methylene blue stain, as well as the functional outcomes of patients based on follow-up.

Materials and Methods

It was a comparative prospective cohort research conducted at a single center. The study was carried out between 2020 and 2021, or for a total of one year. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) research was conducted at King George's Medical University (K.G.M.U.) in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Eighty patients in all took part in the study.

Results

The study compared tympanoplasty outcomes using unstained versus methylene blue-stained temporalis fascia grafts. Both groups showed significant improvements in air conduction and air-bone gap (p<0.001). Post-operative complaints and graft integrity were similar between the groups. Graft integrity remained intact in 87.5% (Group I) and 82.5% (Group II) cases at 3 months.

Conclusion

According to the study's findings, between the groups' pre-operative symptoms and otoscopic findings, there was no meaningful difference. Mean changes in air conduction thresholds and air-bone gap values were significantly different among the study groups.

Recommendation

It is recommended to consider both unstained and methylene blue-stained temporalis fascia grafts as effective options for tympanoplasty, with similar functional outcomes and graft integrity.

A STUDY OF LIVER FUNCTION TESTS DERANGEMENTS IN LEPTOSPIROSIS IN A TERTIARY HEALTH CARE CENTER IN ODISHA: A COHORT STUDY.

2025-03-28T13:29:44+00:00

Background

A zoonotic illness that is found throughout the world is leptospirosis. For growth, leptospires need specific media and circumstances. Positive cultural shifts might occur over weeks or months. Clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic objectives are best served by classifications based on serologic distinctions.

Objectives

This study aims to determine the distribution of leptospirosis patients by identifying the correlation between clinical factors at admission and six weeks later in leptospirosis patients.

Materials and Methods

The study was observational and prospective. The study was conducted in Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India, at the Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR). The research was conducted between February 2024 and January 2025. One hundred patients in all were enrolled in the trial.

Results

A total of 100 IgM lepto-antibody-positive patients were enrolled and completed the 6-week follow-up. The mean age was 42.3 ± 13.8 years, with 61% males and 39% females. Fever and myalgia were present in all patients, with other common symptoms including headache (75%) and icterus (68%). Liver function parameters such as AST, ALT, bilirubin, ALP, total protein, and albumin showed significant improvement after 6 weeks (p < 0.001). These results indicate notable hepatic recovery in leptospirosis patients.

Conclusion

The study came to the conclusion that elevated levels of bilirubin and transaminases were the primary way that the liver was involved in leptospirosis. Patients' bilirubin, AST, and ALT levels were much lower at 6 weeks than they were at admission.

Recommendation

Early diagnosis and regular monitoring of liver function are essential for effective management of leptospirosis. Public health strategies should focus on awareness and timely intervention to prevent hepatic complications.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL PROPRANOLOL VERSUS TOPICAL TIMOLOL IN THE TREATMENT OF INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA – A CASE-CONTROL STUDY.

2025-03-31T12:31:25+00:00

Background

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are the most common vascular tumors in infancy, with oral propranolol established as an effective treatment in 2008. However, due to systemic side effects, topical timolol has emerged as an alternative, necessitating a comparison of its efficacy and safety. This study aims to evaluate and contrast the effectiveness of oral propranolol versus topical timolol in treating infantile haemangiomas, focusing on their respective efficacy, safety profiles, and clinical outcomes.

Methods

A prospective review was conducted at VSSIMSAR, Burla, over two years (January 2023 to January 2025), involving 104 children (3 months–4 years) with superficial infantile hemangiomas. Patients were randomized into two groups receiving either oral propranolol (1.5- 2 mg/kg daily) or topical timolol maleate (0.5% twice daily) for up to six months. Treatment response was assessed through lesion size reduction and classified using Achauer’s four-point scale.

Results

Both propranolol (95%) and timolol (93.4%) demonstrated high efficacy, with propranolol showing a faster response. At one month, 10 children in the propranolol group showed a significant reduction versus 5 in the timolol group. By six months, 45 and 42 children achieved marked improvement, respectively. Propranolol was associated with mild systemic side effects, while timolol was well-tolerated.

Conclusion

Both propranolol and timolol effectively treated infantile hemangiomas, with propranolol acting faster but with mild systemic effects. Early intervention is crucial for optimal outcomes.

Recommendation

Topical timolol is recommended as a safe and effective first-line treatment for superficial infantile hemangiomas, especially in cases where systemic side effects are a concern.

NURSES’ EXPERIENCES IN CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH NEONATAL SEPSIS AT HOLY INNOCENTS CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL IN NYAMITANGA DIVISION, MBARARA DISTRICT. A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-29T13:09:51+00:00

Background

The study aims to assess Nurses’ experiences in caring for children with neonatal sepsis at Holy Innocents Children’s Hospital in Nyamitanga division, Mbarara district.

Methodology

A qualitative descriptive study design was used. The study involved eight (8) participants, and a purposive sampling method was used.

Results

All participants were qualified nurses and had completed their basic nursing training successfully. 7 were residing in the hospital staff premises, unlike one. Nurses have a heart of interest, express love for caring for sick children, and show no comparison between their efforts with their payments. They express their challenges in the form of fear, a feeling of worry and threat, find themselves overwhelmed by work on the ward, and express a desire to improve on their already present skills to improve care, especially concerning educating mothers on issues related to home practices on children. Others have weaknesses in controlling their emotions, especially at the workplace, after considering their inputs of care, achieved pediatric experience while caring for children with neonatal sepsis, and have innovative skills to deliver nursing care to these Neonates. The raised spread of infection on the ward and the failure to observe safety precautions have been associated with poor infection control by nurses.

Conclusion

The experiences of nurses in care were both achievements basing on; devotion, Nurse motivation and achievements whereas challenges were basing on; Inadequacies, Hindrances of care, Cultural involvement, Nurses’ and Mothers’ challenges.

Recommendation

A level of specialization in pediatric nursing care delivery is required to ensure evidence-based practice. Observations are made through staff appraisals to identify and support incapable nurses with vocational interests in caring for children to go for further studies in pediatric nursing so that evidence-based practice is implemented.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PREVALENCE OF MALARIA AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE ATTENDING HEALTH CARE AT KATABI HEALTH CENTRE III, ENTEBBE MUNICIPALITY. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T06:42:58+00:00

Background.

Malaria is an urgent health priority; its treatment traps families in a cycle of illness, suffering, and poverty. This study aimed to assess the factors contributing to the prevalence of malaria among children under five years attending health care at Katabi Health Center III, Entebbe municipality.

Methodology.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used, and semi-structured questionnaires were employed with statistical logistics to identify factors associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under five years.

Results

92(61.3%) were Females, 37.3% of the participants were 25-34 years, 71(47.3%) were married, and 40% (60/150) of children tested positive for malaria. Statistically, caregivers with low education level (x2=13.405, p=0.004), religion (x2=9.963, p=0.019), drainage system (x2=9.040,p=0.003), cleared bush around homes (x2=4.714,p=0.029), staying close/far from swamp (x2=9.886, p=0.002) and altitude (x2=13.504, p=0.0002) had statistical significance in association with malaria prevalence. But also, caregivers who didn’t take their children to the health facility when sick (x2=10.155, p=0.017) and household factors like type of house (x2=11.866, p=0.003), preventive measures for mosquito bites (x2=10.155, p=0.017) and source of light used played a significant association with malaria prevalence in the under-fives.

Conclusion.

The Prevalence of malaria was high, and this was influenced by the level of education, religion, drainage system at home, bush around homes, and closeness to the swamp.

Recommendation.

The Ministry of Health should facilitate more studies in different areas on malaria prevalence, health education to caregivers, municipal administrators organizing meetings with plot owners, and government to reduce electricity generation costs in people’s homes to increase lighting.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GLYCAEMIC CONTROL ON LIVER FUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF LIVER CHEMISTRIES

2025-02-04T11:15:41+00:00

Objective

This study investigates the relationship between liver biomarkers and glycaemic control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients at King Edward Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 patients diagnosed with T2DM. Data collected included gender distribution, age range, glycaemic control (HbA1c, fasting glucose, and random glucose), and liver function markers (bilirubin, ALT, AST, and GGT). The study period ranged from June 2023 to December 2023. Patients were evaluated for glycaemic control and liver biomarkers, and statistical analysis was performed to explore correlations between these factors.

Results

The majority of patients (57.5%) were aged 46-65, with an emerging trend of younger patients being diagnosed with T2DM. A significant gender disparity was observed, with females comprising 83.8% of the study population. All participants exhibited HbA1c levels in the diabetic range (≥6.5%), indicating poor glycaemic control. A notable proportion of patients showed elevated liver enzymes: 35.7% had mildly elevated ALT levels, 29.6% had elevated AST levels, and 75.2% had abnormal GGT levels. Positive and significant correlations were found between HbA1c and liver enzymes: HbA1c and ALT (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), HbA1c and AST (r = 0.51, p < 0.01), and HbA1c and GGT (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that poor glycaemic control is strongly associated with liver dysfunction.

Conclusion

The results indicate a strong association between poor glycaemic control and elevated liver enzymes in T2DM patients, highlighting the need for comprehensive management strategies targeting both glycaemic control and liver health. Regular monitoring of liver biomarkers should be considered to facilitate early detection of liver dysfunction, potentially preventing severe liver-related complications.

Recommendations

Regular liver function monitoring should be integrated into diabetes management, particularly for the early detection of conditions like NAFLD. Improving glycaemic control is crucial to mitigate liver-related complications.

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS TOWARDS DIETARY MANAGEMENT AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T08:58:42+00:00

Background.

Hypertension is one of the most crucial health problems and chronic diseases in developed and underdeveloped countries, which is further expanded due to ignorance and lack of knowledge. The study assessed the knowledge and attitude of hypertensive patients towards dietary management at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital in the Wakiso district.

Methodology.

A cross-sectional study design was used, employing a quantitative approach to collect data using a semi-structured questionnaire from 36 participants. The information was manually tallied; thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed, followed by presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results.

Most respondents were in the age range of above 50 years (47.2%), (44.4%) had attained secondary education, (61.1%) had good knowledge, 20 (55.6%) of the respondents were not familiar with salt content in common foods, 32 (88.9%) knew the foodstuffs restricted in hypertension, (47.2%) knew that reducing salt intake can help manage hypertension, (94.4%) agreed that consuming a diet rich in fruits vegetables whole grains and proteins positively impact blood pressure. 30(83.3%) participants had a positive attitude towards adding fruits and vegetables to their diet, and 21 (58.3%) respondents strongly agreed that physical exercises have an impact on blood pressure.

Conclusion.

The majority of the participants had good knowledge regarding the relevant dietary approaches needed to stop hypertension. A significant number of the respondents had a positive attitude toward the dietary modifications for proper hypertension control.

Recommendations.

The Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies should strive to increase the awareness and knowledge of hypertensive patients about the importance of consultation and seeking medical services.

STENTLESS AND STENTED URETEROSCOPIC LITHOTRIPSY IN MANAGEMENT OF URETERIC CALCULUS–A CROSS-SECTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

2025-03-22T07:52:20+00:00

Background

Ureterolithiasis is a common urological condition managed with ureteroscopic lithotripsy. While stents prevent strictures, they cause discomfort. This study compares postoperative pain and urinary symptoms in stented versus stentless patients to determine the optimal management approach.

Materials and Methods

This prospective observational study, approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (MGMCRI/Res/01/2020/124/IHEC/190), included patients with ureteral calculi ≤10 mm. Exclusions were prior procedures, contraindications, or sepsis. Patients were divided into stented and stentless groups, assessing post-operative loin pain, frequency, urgency, and dysuria.

Results

The sociodemographic analysis revealed no significant differences between the stented and stentless groups in terms of age, gender distribution, or renal parameters (p>0.05). The mean age was 38.28±12.36 years in the stented group and 42.75±9.84 years in the stentless group, with a male predominance in the stented group (71.9%). On univariate analysis, there was no difference in age, renal parameters, size, and site of calculus in the stented and stentless groups. The study found that post-operative loin pain was significantly higher in the stented group (p=0.001), with greater symptoms of frequency (p=0.03), urgency (p=0.05), and dysuria (p=0.02). These findings suggest that stentless ureteroscopy may be preferable for reducing post-operative discomfort.

Conclusion

Stentless ureteroscopic lithotripsy reduces post-operative loin pain and urinary symptoms, improving patient quality of life. Stented patients experienced significantly more pain and symptoms from day 1 to day 14 post-surgery.

Recommendation

Stentless ureteroscopic lithotripsy is recommended for uncomplicated cases to minimize post-operative pain and urinary symptoms, improving patient recovery and quality of life.

Postpartum Obesity Awakening in LMICs

2025-03-13T16:34:45+00:00

Maternal obesity, excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and post-partum weight retention (PPWR) constitute new public health challenges due to its association with negative short- and long-term maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, attention appears to be concentrated on developed countries with little/none to developing countries as most developing countries are still scarred by the after-mark of undernutrition and believe obesity is for the affluent. The burden of PPWR on developing countries is unrealistic due to absence of statistical data. There is a popular understanding that pregnancy is a period of rapid weight gain and change in body composition as maternal metabolism adapt to meet the demands of the developing fetus. But how much weight gain is recommended is still arguable among majority of the midwives and among women of childbearing age. PPWR can induce a vicious cycle of gestational obesity through out the reproductive life of a woman predisposing her to all sorts of obstetric complications. As a modifiable risk factor, body weight during the prepregnancy, intranatal, and postpartum periods may present critical windows to apply interventions to prevent weight retention and the development of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age.

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS RELATED TO DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-02T11:10:41+00:00

Introduction

This study assessed diabetes mellitus (DM) knowledge among undergraduate students at a South African University of Technology. Using a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach, the aim was to compare diabetes knowledge between students in health-related and non-health-related fields, evaluate their attitudes toward diabetes education, and assess self-perceived knowledge. With the rising global prevalence of diabetes, particularly among younger populations, this research explores awareness and education gaps regarding diabetes among university students.

Methods

The study involved 206 students aged 18-25 from health-related and non-health-related faculties. A pre-validated questionnaire, consisting of multiple-choice, true/false, and open-ended questions, covered diabetes risk factors, symptoms, complications, prevention, and management. Convenience sampling was used, and data was collected through paper-based and electronic surveys. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while thematic analysis was applied to open-ended responses. Spearman’s correlation assessed the relationship between diabetes knowledge and the field of study.

Results

Of the participants, 89.2% were aware of diabetes. However, significant knowledge differences were observed between students in health-related and non-health-related fields. Health-related students demonstrated a more accurate understanding of diabetes types, diagnostic methods, and risk factors. In contrast, non-health students showed lower knowledge, with many unable to differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative relationship (r = -0.352, p < 0.01) between diabetes knowledge and field of study, indicating that non-health students possessed less knowledge. Furthermore, 32.9% of students rated their knowledge as unsatisfactory.

Conclusion

This study highlights a significant knowledge gap between health-related and non-health-related students. Health-related students showed a more comprehensive understanding, suggesting the need for broader diabetes education for all students across disciplines.

Recommendations

Diabetes education should be incorporated into university curricula, particularly for non-health students, and public health campaigns should be used to raise awareness.

Evaluation of central and peripheral analgesic activity of Cetrizine in mice

2025-03-22T06:41:23+00:00

Background: Pain management is challenging due to the subjective nature of pain and the limitations of existing analgesics. Histamine and serotonin pathways play a role in pain modulation, suggesting potential analgesic effects of cetirizine and amitriptyline. While amitriptyline has shown some efficacy, cetirizine’s role in pain relief remains unclear. This study evaluates their analgesic potential individually and with diclofenac in mice.

Methods: Albino Swiss mice (n=24) were divided into four groups to evaluate the analgesic effects of amitriptyline and cetirizine, compared to diclofenac. Pain response was assessed using the tail flick (thermal), tail clip (physical), and writhing (chemical) tests at multiple time points. Drugs were administered orally, and percentage inhibition of writhing was calculated.

Results: Amitriptyline exhibited the highest analgesic effect in the tail flick test (13.50±0.342 sec at 90 min), followed by diclofenac (11.00±0.365 sec) and cetirizine (8.00±0.365 sec). In the tail clip test, diclofenac and amitriptyline showed peak response times of 12.66±0.323 sec and 12.16±0.342 sec, respectively. Cetirizine was less effective in both tests. In the writhing test, diclofenac had the highest inhibition (65.85%), followed by cetirizine (41.46%), while amitriptyline showed the least effect (19.50%). These findings confirm significant analgesic properties of all tested drugs, with varying efficacy.

Conclusion: Amitriptyline showed the most prolonged analgesic effect in thermal and mechanical pain models, while diclofenac was most effective in visceral pain inhibition. Cetirizine demonstrated moderate analgesic activity.

DRUG UTILISATION, ADVERSE DRUG REACTION PROFILE AND TREATMENT OUTCOME OF PNEUMONIA IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-04-22T07:19:32+00:00

Backgrounds

Childhood pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years old worldwide. Despite global efforts to prevent and manage this condition, the improper and irrational use of antimicrobials is one of the greatest hinderance to achieving the target.

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the drug utilization pattern, treatment outcome, and monitoring of frequency and severity of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) with its causality assessment among under-five pneumonia cases.

Methods

This observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 diagnosed cases of pneumonia aged 2 months to 5 years. Data were collected from treatment records and parents' responses and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 22.0.

Results

Among 118 under-five pneumonia cases, 88.1% recovered and 11.9% required ICU care. Most were male (75.4%), aged 2–12 months (60.2%), and from rural areas (73%). Complications were linked to female gender and parental smoking. Adverse outcomes were associated with fever, cough, delayed treatment, prolonged hospitalization, and multiple antibiotic use. Prescription analysis (536 cases) showed polypharmacy (mean 4.52 drugs), universal antibiotic, and injection use, with 85.92% prescribed by generic name and 88.93% from the essential drug list. Of 50 ADRs, diarrhea (58%) from ceftriaxone was most common.

Interpretation: Female gender and parental smoking were associated with higher ICU admissions, highlighting the need for targeted clinical strategies in managing pediatric pneumonia.

Conclusion

The study concluded that prompt and appropriate treatment is pivotal for resolving pneumonia in children and reducing morbidity and mortality. Monitoring prescriptions and drug utilization studies helps in detecting and reducing irrational prescribing while offering feedback to prescribers.

Recommendation

Raising awareness among healthcare providers and caregivers, regularly educating on proper antibiotic use, implementing prescribing guidelines, and involving patients in ADR reporting can enhance treatment outcomes and minimize adverse drug reactions in under-five pneumonia cases.

USE OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS AND POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL INVESTIGATION.

2025-04-03T14:42:07+00:00

Background

The use of herbal supplements among cancer patients has become increasingly prevalent, raising concerns about potential drug interactions that may compromise treatment outcomes and patient safety. Although herbal supplements are often perceived as natural and harmless, they can interact with cancer therapies, potentially altering drug metabolism and efficacy.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, types, and patterns of herbal supplement use among cancer patients, assess potential drug interactions with prescribed cancer treatments, and determine the level of awareness and communication regarding supplement use.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Amalapuram, from January to June 2023. A structured questionnaire was used to survey 200 adult cancer patients undergoing active treatment. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate associations.

Results

Of the 200 patients, 60% reported using herbal supplements during cancer treatment. The most commonly used supplements were St. John’s Wort (20%), Ginger (17.5%), and Turmeric (12.5%). 25% of patients experienced potential herb-drug interactions, including increased toxicity (15%) and reduced treatment efficacy (10%). Only 35% of patients disclosed herbal supplement use to their healthcare providers, while 65% did not, primarily due to perceived irrelevance or fear of disapproval.

Conclusion

A substantial proportion of cancer patients use herbal supplements alongside prescribed treatments, often without informing their healthcare providers. This practice poses risks of adverse drug interactions and reduced therapeutic efficacy.

Recommendations

Cancer care providers should integrate routine inquiry about herbal supplement use into patient assessments. Increased patient education is essential to help patients understand the potential risks and make informed decisions. Improved communication and awareness can enhance treatment safety and outcomes.

“AN INCREASING DISQUIET DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THE PANDEMIC ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF MEDICAL STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”

2025-03-01T07:54:16+00:00

Background

The COVID-19 outbreak created havoc, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Due to the shift of lectures and virtual consultations online, the education and healthcare industries were vastly affected. The present study was planned among medical students to identify the impact of a pandemic on their physical and mental health.

Methodology

A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 115 MBBS undergraduate students. The data was collected through an online questionnaire Data thus collected was analyzed using descriptive and thematic analysis.

Results

Amongst all, 66.1% were females, although 67% had normal BMI, and 24.3% were overweight. 44.34% were active online for more than 10 hours, however, only 49.56% preferred to spend it on academics. 83.5% of students faced difficulties in their studies. 69.6% of students perceived their eating habits to change during the pandemic & 81.7% of students reported changes in their sleeping habits. Most students (67%) noticed weight gain during the lockdown. There are various physical symptoms developed during the lockdown. 63.5% of students agreed that the shift to online classes was the reason for their stress. 52.2% were affected by COVID-19, and 87.8% perceived that going to crowded places was stressful.

Conclusion

The study concluded that overall, students had a mixed perception of the changed lifestyle due to the pandemic. However, it had few positive (availability of time, family bonding, scope for creativity) and more negative (stress and anxiety, likewise, weakness, eye strain, headache, and weight gain) effects on their physical and mental health.

Recommendations

The current study recommends regular evaluation of the medical student’s mental and physical health.

Assessing University Students’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Sources of Information, Risk Awareness, and Educational Implications

2025-02-03T11:58:07+00:00

Introduction
There are over 376 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) annually, with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and human papillomavirus being the most common. Investigating STIs among university students is vital due to high-risk behaviour, characteristic of university students, which increases the risk of transmission along with their long-term health risk. This study aimed to examine the knowledge and perceptions about STIs and their prevalence among students at Mangosuthu University of Technology.

Method
A total of 284 students participated in this study. Data collection was conducted using electronic and paper-based surveys depending on participant preference. The survey comprised of questions focused on demographics and practices, evaluating on STI knowledge, and students’ perceived risk of infection with STIs. STI prevalence statistics were obtained from the university clinic.

Results

The majority of participants perceived their STI knowledge as either "Good" (44.37%) or "Excellent" (25%), with a small proportion rating their knowledge as "Scarce" (19.72%). Sources of information included the internet (35.56%), teachers (28.17%), and healthcare professionals (22.18%). In terms of risk awareness, most students perceived themselves at "Moderate" (42.9%) or "A lot" (37%) risk of contracting an STI. Notably, no statistically significant differences in STI knowledge were found across gender or age groups. More female students were treated for STIs than their male counterparts.

Conclusion
The findings emphasize the need for more targeted educational approaches, particularly gender-sensitive interventions, and underscore the importance of combining multiple educational sources, including formal curricula, peer education, and digital platforms, to improve STI knowledge and risk awareness.

Recommendations
Future studies should explore the intersection between self-perceived knowledge, actual awareness, and testing behaviours to better understand how STI education can be optimized for diverse student populations.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BURNOUT AMONG NURSES IN MULAGO NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KAMPALA-UGANDA.

2025-01-28T09:15:16+00:00

Background.

Burnout is a condition that results from chronic stress characterized by depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and diminished personal accomplishment. It has been a big hindrance to planning for health care services. Research has found that burnout causes poor performance on the job characterized by being absent and unexplained poor health status. This study determined the Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among Nurses in Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala-Uganda.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 273 randomly selected nurses from Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala. Quantitative data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and logistic regression at a 95% level of significance in Stata version 17.

Results.

The majority of the respondents were female 190(69.9%), 76.6% (209/273) of the respondents were aged 30 years and above, 52.0% (142/273) of the participants were Assistant nursing officers by profession and 87.9% (240/273) were Christians. More than half 54.2% (148) of respondents had high levels of burnout (≥42 Score) and most of them 117 (59.4%) agreed that ward arrangement and patient numbers are breaking. While 45.8% (125) reported low levels of burnout. The factors were: inappropriate Nurse-physician relationship (aOR 3.04, p Value 0.009) feeling that the job is controlled by administrators (aOR 2.26, p value 0.035), and Unsuitable working environment (aOR 2.44 (95%, p value 0.018).

Conclusion

More than a half of nurses in Mulago National Referral Hospital experienced high levels of burnout due to factors like Unsuitable working environment and inappropriate Nurse-physician relationship.

Recommendations.

The Ministry of Health should consider recruiting more nurses to reduce workload, especially in emergency units, improve on nurse-physician relationship, and assure nurses of their job security for those who feel threatened by the administrators.

A MIXED COHORT STUDY ON DIETARY ADHERENCE, INFECTION PREVENTION, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS IN SOUTH KIVU, EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.

2025-03-10T00:11:47+00:00

Background

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not use it effectively. A well-adapted diet is essential to stabilize blood glucose levels and prevent complications such as hyperglycaemia and infections. However, adherence to this diet is often compromised by socio-economic factors, limiting access to balanced nutrition and healthcare. This study aims to evaluate the impact of dietary adherence on diabetes management, focusing on infection prevention and glycaemic control.

Materials and Method

A longitudinal study (2020-2024) in South Kivu (Bukavu, Mwenga, Walungu) followed diabetic patients. After informed consent, data was collected through medical records and structured interviews using standardized forms. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regressions, were performed using Jamovi software.

Results

Among 1520 patients, 59.3% of those with stable blood glucose levels adhered to the diet, with an infection rate of 56.8%, compared to 81.9% for non-adherent patients. Among patients with unstable blood glucose levels, 16.5% adhered to the diet, with an infection rate of 27.2%, compared to 98.1% among non-adherent patients. Non-adherence was associated with a higher risk of infection (OR = 7.84), hyperglycaemia (OR: 4.6), hospitalisation (OR = 2.03), and comorbidities (OR = 4.8).

Conclusion

Dietary adherence plays a crucial role in diabetes management by reducing infections and improving glycaemic control.

Recommendations

However, socioeconomic constraints have a significant impact on adherence. Strengthening nutrition education and improving access to healthcare, especially in rural areas, are essential strategies to optimize diabetes management and reduce associated complications.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS THE UTILIZATION OF ORA-QUICK HIVST AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS ATTENDING ANC AT ERRH, A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-01-28T07:22:14+00:00

Background

Ora- Quick HIV self-testing (HIVST) is where a person collects his or her specimen (oral fluid), performs an HIV test, and interprets the result either alone or with someone he or she trusts. The study was to assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards the utilization of Ora-Quick HIVST among pregnant mothers attending ANC at ERRH.

Methodology

A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to select 40 mothers using a simple random sampling method, collecting data using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS.

Results

Most 21) of the respondents (52.5%) were aged 18-24 years, while only 1(2.5%) was aged 35 and above. Half 20(50%) were Baganda tribe. The study indicated that 97.5% of respondents reported having heard of Ora-Quick HIV ST. 51.3% heard it from friends and family. 67% did not know that Ora-Quick is available in pharmacies. All the respondents knew that Ora-Quick HIVST is an acceptable idea, 40% disagreed that HIVST has the potential to reach hard-to-reach areas and 28% said they would not seek help and follow up an HIV positive result on Ora-Quick, 62.5% of the participants had never used an Ora-Quick HIVST, 64% did not know the correct time to read the results and 50% considered positive results to be the final.

Conclusion

Therefore, the study revealed insufficient knowledge as well as poor attitudes and practices towards Ora-Quick HIVST, which is believed to be related to inadequate community sensitization. The government, through the Ministry of Health, should launch national campaigns to promote HIV self-testing among pregnant mothers, emphasizing its role in early detection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

Recommendation

The government, through the Ministry of Health, should launch national campaigns to promote HIV self-testing among pregnant mothers, emphasizing its role in early detection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN CARE AND SUPPORT OF WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL

2025-03-05T10:56:07+00:00

MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN CARE AND SUPPORT OF WOMEN DURING
PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING
ANTENATAL CARE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL

PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNSUPPRESSED VIRAL LOADS AMONG ADOLESCENTS ON ART ATTENDING ART CLINIC AT BUSEMBATIA HEALTH CENTER III, BUGWERI DISTRICT, UGANDA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2024-12-31T09:04:53+00:00

Background

Adolescents living with HIV are put on ART to improve their quality of life. The emerging failure to have their viral load suppressed is increasing. However, risk factors for failure of viral load suppression in a rural ART clinic are not well documented. This study sought to find out the prevalence and factors associated with unsuppressed viral loads among HIV/AIDS-positive adolescents in the ART clinic of Busembatia Health Centre III.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was used for HIV positive adolescents attending ART Clinic at Busembatia Health Centre III, Bugweri District. A Kish and Leslie statistical formula was used to obtain the sample size and a random sampling technique was used among 92 adolescents. Data about the adolescents was both extracted from the Client forms and also obtained through questionnaires.

Results.

51(55.44%) of the participants were female,50(54.35%) of the adolescents were aged 12-13 years and the majority of them were single 89(96.74%). 21% of the participants had unsuppressed viral loads. The established patient-related factors were; Substance abuse 16(84.21%), Sexual behaviors 10(52.63%), Knowledge about HIV 16(84.21%) and clinical-related factors were poor adherence 4(21.05%), Multimorbidity and opportunistic infections 6(31.58%), poor nutritional status 6(31.58%), 12(63.15%) were in WHO clinical stage and 4 (21.05%) of the unsuppressed adolescent had their regimen changed.

Conclusion.

Prevalence of unsuppressed viral loads was high and the factors associated with viral load unsuppression are numerous, unique and thus require unique interventions.

Recommendation.

The ART clinic personnel and Implementing partners should engage the adolescents on ART, parents/guardians, and teachers in identifying their problems and the challenges and try to find and or address these problems.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNITY HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM AMONG VILLAGE HEALTH TEAMS IN OGUR HEALTH CENTER IV, LIRA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-03-20T03:43:39+00:00

Background

The Electronic Community Health Information System (eCHIS) is an integrated tool designed to assist Village Health Teams (VHTs) in making decisions and providing care support to their communities. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the utilization of eCHIS among VHTs at Ogur Health Center IV in Lira District.

Methods

The study employed a cross-sectional quantitative approach using simple random sampling, with a final sample size of 37 participants, and data analysis conducted using SPSS version 20.0

Results

20/37 (54.1%) were female, 13/37 (35.1%) were aged 36-45 years, and 21/37 (56.8%) had a secondary level education. 19/37 (51.4%) reported that they do not have access to a smartphone. 37/37 (100.0%), indicating that the availability of the internet in the community influences the utilization of eCHIS. 37/37 (100.0%), agreed that active community involvement is critical for the successful adoption of eCHIS. 5/37 (94.6%), indicated that users are more satisfied with eCHIS when they find the output information accessible, 29/37 (78.4%) reported that electronic equipment for this is available at the facility, 26/37 (70.3%), indicated that there is proper maintenance of ICT equipment in healthcare facilities, 29/37 (78.4%), agreed that leadership at the facility affects the utilization of eCHIS, while a minority of 8/37 (21.6%) disagreed.

Conclusion

Age, education, and smartphone access, Internet accessibility and community involvement were found to be critical for the successful adoption of eCHIS. Availability of electronic equipment, maintenance of ICT resources, and training support significantly influenced eCHIS usage.

Recommendation

The Ministry of Health, District Health Office, and Ogur Health Center IV recommend enhancing technological skills, expanding internet access, involving communities, and fostering leadership to improve eCHIS utilization through training, monitoring, and awareness campaigns.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-MEDICATION AMONG ADULTS AGED 18 TO 50 YEARS ATTENDING HENROB HOSPITAL ZANA.

2025-01-28T06:08:41+00:00

Background.

Self-medication is becoming increasingly common among adults in Uganda. Despite its potential risks at the individual and community level, not enough studies have been done in Uganda on self-medication. This study examined individual factors associated with self-medication among adults aged 18 to 50 years attending Henrob Hospital Zana.

Methodology.

A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting adults attending Henrob Hospital. A total of 40 respondents were systematically selected and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The outcome variable was the medication with or without a prescription from a doctor / medical worker. The information was manually tallied, and scientific measures were used to analyze the recorded information. Thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed, followed by presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results.

The majority of respondents were males 21(52.5%),24 (60%) were in the age group of 45-50 years, 26 (65 %) of the participants replied Yes to having used any drug for self-treatment, 16 (40%) reported being busy with daily programs, respondents who reported buying medicine without a prescription from the doctor majority were Christians 21(52.5), 22 (55%) of the respondents knew the dosage of drugs by enquiring from the seller and 26 (65%) of the respondents obtained their drugs from a community pharmacy.

Conclusion.

Self-medication in adults is associated with age, level of education, accessibility to pharmacies, occupation, and marital status.

Recommendations.

Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies, including the health workers, should strive to increase the knowledge of patients about the importance of reporting and obtaining medical consultation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UPTAKE OF SKILLED DELIVERY SERVICES AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE AT KASANJE SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT

2025-01-28T09:03:55+00:00

Background

The uptake of skilled delivery services was associated with improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. So, this study aimed to assess factors affecting the uptake of skilled delivery services among women of childbearing age in Kasanje Sub County, Wakiso district.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design was used employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection using a semi-structured questionnaire. The information was manually tallied and scientific measures were used to analyze the recorded information. Thereafter, Microsoft Word and Excel programs were employed followed by a presentation in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and figures like pie charts and bar graphs.

Results

The results of the study were all females, in the age range of 15 to 49 years. The majority (75%) were married, (60%) had more than three children, 64% were housewives 37% travelled over 10 to reach the health centre and (66%) earned 10,000-50,000/= a month. Most (50%) used a boda boda to reach the health center and over 62% of them had to wait for over an hour before being worked on while 50% complained that midwives were rude to them.

Conclusion

Findings showed that the low uptake of skilled delivery services among women of childbearing age at Kasanje Sub County is highly influenced by parity, education level, occupation, social support like partner involvement, economic status, the distance needed to be moved, and the character of midwives.

Recommendation

Midwives and doctors in charge of maternal health need to equip themselves with good customer care service skills to positively influence and change pregnant mothers’ attitudes towards health professionals and service delivery.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MALARIA PREVALENCE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AT LIRA UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, LIRA CITY. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-25T16:05:13+00:00

Background

Malaria is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries. Lira district remains an endemic area for malaria in Uganda, greatly impacting the lives of many. The study investigated the factors associated with Malaria prevalence among Lira University students at Lira University Teaching Hospital, Lira City.

Methodology

A cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted among 340 participants between March and April 2023. Participants were sampled by convenience sampling and data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 26 at univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels. Binary logistic regression both at bivariate and multivariate analysis was done. Qualitative data was collected from 16 purposively sampled participants using an in-depth interview guide and was analyzed manually through thematic content analysis.

Results

A total of 340 participants were recruited, achieving a 100% response rate. The majority 248(76.5%) of the participants were aged 18-24. Half, 165(50.9%) were males, most, 263(81.2%) were single, and 208(64.2%) were unemployed. About a third, 119(36.7%) and 121(37.3%) were Anglicans and were from the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery respectively. The prevalence of malaria among the students was 13.3% (95% CI=9.6 - 16.99). The factors associated with the malaria prevalence were; staying around bushy areas (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.05-3.92) and use of mosquito repellants (AOR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.09-4.04). Qualitatively, most participants reported bushy environments and stagnant water to be contributing to the high prevalence.

Conclusion

The prevalence of malaria among students was 13.3%. The study starkly illustrates that mosquito repellents provide little to no protection against malaria, whereas lingering near overgrown, bushy areas significantly heightens the risk of contracting the disease.

Recommendation

There is a need for a wide-ranging and coordinated approach to malaria prevention and control, encompassing environmental management and personal protective measures.

PATTERNS OF INFECTIONS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AMONG GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISMS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2025-02-21T08:51:57+00:00

Introduction

Regional variation in the distribution of various organisms is noted. Monitoring the use of antimicrobials and constant review of sensitivity patterns is imperative. The main aim of this study was to determine the species prevalence of Gram-negative isolates, including antibiotic resistance patterns, from various clinical specimens.

Materials and methods

A hospital-based observational descriptive study was conducted to identify and perform an antibiotic susceptibility test of Gram-negative bacilli from clinical samples. The VITEK 2 Compact (30 card capacity) system was used, where a fluorogenic methodology for organism identification and a turbidimetric method for susceptibility testing was performed. The method used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was the doubling dilution technique for MIC based on the microdilution method.

Results

A total of 970 clinical samples were received, of which culture positivity was seen in 391(40.3%) cases. The most common specimen was urine at 35.1% (45/128), followed by a blood sample at 27.3% (35/128). The most common isolate was Escherichia coli 36.0% (47/128), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 16.4% (21/128) and Burkholderia cepacia 11.7% (15/128). Among the IPD patients, Escherichia coli showed maximum sensitivity to amikacin 67.7% and gentamicin 61.2%; 55.5% of the strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were sensitive to ceftazidime. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to cefepime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, and levofloxacin, 70.0% each respectively. 86.6% of strains of Burkholderia cepacia retained susceptibility to meropenem.

Conclusion

This study isolates (lactose-fermenting bacteria) were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. On the other hand, the non-lactose-fermenting bacteria were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, and levofloxacin.

Recommendation

Recommendations include strongly preferred alternative drugs for active or combination treatments.

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF MALNUTRITION AND ITS EFFECT ON UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS IN SAGAMU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-02-13T09:16:26+00:00

Background

Childhood malnutrition remains a global challenge and the most prevalent nutritional problem in developing countries, including Nigeria. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of malnutrition and its effect on under-five children among mothers attending primary health centers in the Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria.

Method

The study adopted a cross-sectional quantitative design and used a multi-stage sampling technique to select sixty-one mothers from the three selected primary health centers in Sagamu LGA. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used for the collection of data from participants. Data was collected, coded, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the findings from the study, and all were tested at the level of 0.05 significance

Results

The result shows that the majority of the mothers were between the ages of 18 and 28 years (44.9%), attained tertiary education (73.5%), were from Yoruba land (65.3%), were Christian (75.5%), and most had one to three children (80.6%). Mothers had high knowledge of malnutrition 138(91.8%), and high knowledge of the effects of malnutrition 144 (95.8%). The result also revealed a significant relationship between respondent's knowledge of malnutrition and the effects of malnutrition (p= 0.001), level of education and knowledge of malnutrition (p= 0.000), and between the knowledge of malnutrition and perception of malnutrition in under-five children (p= 0.006)

Conclusion

The study concludes that the Majority of the mothers demonstrated high knowledge of malnutrition and good knowledge of its effects, and it established a positive relationship between knowledge and perception of malnutrition in children under five.

Recommendation

Therefore, the study recommended that training programs should be done periodically for mothers to ensure they are abreast with the proper knowledge and ways to prevent malnutrition in their under-five children.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON MOBILE TELEHEALTH SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY AT KITAGATA HOSPITAL IN SHEEMA DISTRICT.

2025-01-07T13:18:00+00:00

Background

Mobile telehealth systems are increasingly transforming healthcare delivery, improving accessibility for patients, and enhancing efficiency among healthcare providers. This study explored the current landscape of mobile telehealth system usage at Kitagata Hospital in Sheema district southwestern Uganda.

Methods

The cross-sectional research design was adopted. The study population included patients and Physicians in Kitagata Hospital while a sample size of 250 participated in the study. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study employed both primary and secondary data. Descriptive statistics and regression technique (model summary) analysis were done to examine the percentage effect of mobile telehealth systems on information accessibility at Kitagata Hospital to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was narratively analyzed. To cater for conflict of interest, familiarized with the institutions’ policies to minimize the chances of occurrence of conflict of interest, a research assistant was recruited to assist in data collection where the researcher had a conflict of interest.

Results

The combined total of 63.6% suggests that telehealth is becoming a routine part of healthcare delivery in this setting. Overall, results demonstrated that mobile telehealth systems significantly correlate with enhanced information accessibility at Kitagata Hospital, explaining a notable portion of the variability in this area. Also, a moderate level of adoption, with significant benefits reported in patient satisfaction and physician time management.

Conclusion

Whereas evidence shows that the use of telehealth systems increases efficiency and quality of healthcare, inadequate infrastructure development and insufficient capacity building among health workers inhibit the adoption and usage of telehealth.

Recommendation

More investment should be made in setting up appropriate infrastructure and building the capacity of healthcare workers to boost telehealth utilization.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NABARI PAYAM SOUTH SUDAN. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2024-10-23T08:55:40+00:00

Background

Countries need to have waste management policies that streamline the behaviors of residents on how best to practice and manage waste generated by different sources. The study aims to assess the attitude toward waste management in Nabari Payam South Sudan.

Methodology

A cross-sectional survey, descriptive and explanatory design where quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted. A questionnaire and Focus group discussion were adopted and interviews for Key Informants. Data was analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and thematic methods for quantitative and qualitative data.

Results

156 (46.7%) and 58 (17.4%) of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed that their Payam residents had done enough for waste management, the mean score was 2.37, and the standard deviation 1.01. For proper management of waste by the local authority, findings showed that 257 (76.9%) and 64 (19.2%) of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed, the mean was 1.91, and the standard deviation was 0.68. Regarding safety when handling waste, it was found that 246 (73.7%) of the respondents and 40 (12.0%) disagreed and strongly disagreed attracted a mean score of 2.51 and a standard deviation of 0.85.

Conclusion

Residents in Nabari Payam had a negative attitude towards waste management and there was dissatisfaction with provisions of waste material that were lacking and inadequate in the Payam.

Recommendations

Regular monitoring and evaluation of waste management activities at the Payam residents need to be geared up to have total adherence to introduced guidelines for waste management.

PREVALENCE AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSMENORRHEA AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS AT FORT PORTAL COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, WESTERN UGANDA – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-10T11:54:41+00:00

Introduction

Dysmenorrhea is a common complaint among women of reproductive age and it affects academic performance among students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and individual factors associated with dysmenorrhea among female medical students at Fort Portal College of Health Sciences, western Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 participants from the five training programs offered at the college. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence, and individual factors associated with dysmenorrhea. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.21, using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and logistic regression. Ethical and administrative approvals were sought for the College Research and Scientific Committee and administration, respectively and participants provided written informed consent.

Results

Data was collected from 280 participants with a mean age of 23.26 years (S=3.58). The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among participants was 94.26%; and participants’ age (aOR=2.74; 95% CI: 0.36 – 20.86; p-value = 0.331), duration of menstrual flow (aOR=2.36; 95% CI: 0.66 – 8.39; p-value = 0.184), regular physical exercises (aOR=1.61; 95% CI: 0.85 – 3.05; p-value = 0.142), and daily water consumption (aOR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.15 – 10.37; p-value = 0.068), were not associated with dysmenorrhea.

Conclusion

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among female medical students is high and is not associated with individual factors like; age, duration of menstrual flow, physical exercises, or daily water consumption.

Recommendation

Additional studies are needed to examine the aetiology of dysmenorrhea and inform the development of effective prevention and control strategies.

BARRIERS TO EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES AMONG HIV-POSITIVE MOTHERS ATTENDING POSTNATAL CLINIC AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T08:09:20+00:00

Background

Exclusive breastfeeding is critical for infant health, particularly among HIV-positive mothers. This study aimed to assess the barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among HIV-positive mothers attending a postnatal clinic at Kajjansi Health Center IV.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed to select 40 mothers. A simple random sampling method was used, and data was collected using a semi-structured researcher-administered questionnaire with both open and close-ended questions. Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis.

Results

40 respondents participated in this study; the majority, 28(70%) of the respondents, were between 18-25 years of age, while only 01(2.5%) was above 35 years. 75% of the respondents knew that exclusive breast milk is important for HIV-positive mothers. However, 37.5% of the mothers were not sure whether taking ARVs during pregnancy and after childbirth reduces the chances of HIV transmission to the born baby, and 37.5% of them also mentioned replacement feeding as the ideal baby feeding method in the first 6 months. 62% of the respondents reported having sufficient breast milk for EBF. However, 65% of them reported sometimes having support from their partners to EBF, and 20% were not sure whether EBF is culturally accepted. Half of the mothers never got breastfeeding counseling during ANC, and 75% were not advised on EBF for the first 6 months at the health facility.

Conclusion

The study found good knowledge among most of the respondents. However, socioeconomic and health facility factors greatly contributed to barriers to EBF among HIV-positive mothers.

Recommendation

The government, through the Ministry of Health, should expand breastfeeding education during antenatal care and postnatal visits, emphasizing the health benefits of EBF beyond HIV transmission alone.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE OF THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE AMONG GIRLS AGED 9-10 YEARS AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T07:17:14+00:00

Background

The study aims to identify the factors influencing the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among girls aged 9-10 years at Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology

This study adopted a cross-sectional study design, utilizing quantitative methods of data collection. It included 30 participants, who were parents and legal guardians of adolescent girls aged 9-10 years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV accompanied by adolescents.

Results

The majority 29 (97%) attained formal education, and 1 (3%) were not educated. 21(70%) reported no awareness about the existence of HPV and its vaccine. 23 (76.7%) thought the vaccine wasn’t safe and beneficial for their children to receive. 19(63.3%) reported traditional cultural beliefs or taboos against the vaccination of children, and 11 (36.7%) reported none. 20 (66.7%) reported mistrust towards vaccines provided by the government in their families or communities. 16 (53%) reported that they waited for the health worker for more than an hour, while 1 (3%) noted low delay. 17 (57%) responded that health workers were rude during their last visit, and 3 (10%) said they were polite. 21 (70%) appreciated vaccine availability in the facility.

Conclusion

Therefore, factors influencing the uptake of the HPV vaccine included the education level of parents, lack of awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, individual attitude towards the vaccine, poor health workers’ attitude, and long waiting times to receive service.

Recommendation

Ministry of Health, health workers, and other responsible bodies should use all available avenues to increase the public knowledge concerning the availability, safety, and benefits of HPV vaccine through routine public awareness campaigns, regular health education talks, printed flyers, and involvement of village health team to help deal with HPV vaccine hesitancy.

LARGE SCALE YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION: PARTICIPATORY RATE AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONAL TRAINEES AT MILDMAY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T06:04:08+00:00

Background

Yellow fever remains a major public health issue in Uganda and other tropical regions. Health professions trainees are critical in preventing and controlling yellow fever outbreaks, but their vaccination status and knowledge about the disease were not well-documented. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of yellow fever vaccination and the knowledge of health professional trainees regarding yellow fever and its vaccination.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 40 health professional trainees at Mildmay Institute of Health Sciences. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation of the key characteristics using an Excel spreadsheet. Results were presented in tables, charts, and graphs to represent key findings and illustrate distributions, respectively.

Results

The results from the data collection showed yellow fever vaccination prevalence was 72.5% being vaccinated and 27.5% being unvaccinated, with males (91.7%) showing higher coverage than females (64.3%). Trainees aged 31-35 had 100% vaccination coverage, compared to 69.7% among those aged 18-25. Socio-economic status also influenced vaccination rates, with trainees from high-income backgrounds (83.3%) more likely to be vaccinated than those from middle (69.0%). Knowledge about yellow fever transmission, symptoms, and vaccination benefits was high among most respondents.

Conclusion

Although vaccination rates were generally strong, younger trainees and females showed lower coverage.

Recommendation

There should be targeted vaccination initiatives for these groups and integration of vaccination services with educational programs within training institutions.

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NEEDLE STICK INJURIES AMONG NURSES AND MEDICAL OFFICERS AT WAKISO HEALTH CENTER IV, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T05:36:59+00:00

Background

Healthcare workers are at a high risk of accidental needle stick injuries because many are unaware or fail to adhere to set guidelines on infection control, which may often result in injury and blood-borne infections. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to assess the knowledge and practices of prevention and control of needle stick injuries among nurses and medical officers at Wakiso Health Center IV, Wakiso District.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design was used to collect quantitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were picked to participate randomly using a simple random sampling method, from which 30 participants enrolled and consented to take part in the study.

Results

Results from the data collection showed a response rate of 100%, and the results showed most participants were in the age groups of 18-45 years. 83.3% of nurses and medical officers were aware that blood-borne infections can be transmitted by needle-stick injuries. 93.3% had heard of needle stick injuries among health workers. 70% were of the impression that syringes and needles should be discarded in a sharp box being used. 60% of the injuries had occurred due to poor disposal of sharps, while 23.3% were due to poor organization in the areas of work.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research revealed that most healthcare workers had adequate knowledge about the preventive measures and associated risks of needle-stick injuries. However, practices needed to be improved.

Recommendation

I, therefore, recommend that continuous onsite training should be done for the prevention and reporting of needle stick injuries. I also further recommend better management of healthcare workers who have sustained needle injuries.

FACIAL FILLERS IN AESTHETIC PRACTICE: PATIENT SATISFACTION AND OUTLINE OF COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-03-22T06:30:59+00:00

Background

Dermal fillers are a popular non-surgical option for facial enhancement, offering affordability and minimal recovery time. They are widely used for volume restoration and wrinkle correction. Patient satisfaction is key to evaluating treatment success and psychological well-being. This study aims to assess patient satisfaction levels following dermal filler procedures and to evaluate the prevalence of common complications associated with these treatments.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Sasaram, Bihar, India, from May 2023 to October 2024. A total of 100 medically eligible participants of both sexes aged 25 to 35 years were selected through convenience sampling, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale and WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire. Hyaluronic acid is used in our study for facial augmentations. Patient satisfaction, procedural details, and adverse effects were assessed, with follow-ups scheduled quarterly during our study period.

Results

The lips (34.5%) were the most common injection site, with 1 cc of filler being the most frequently used volume (40%). Mild to moderate complications were common, while severe reactions like necrosis were rare (0.5%). Satisfaction correlated with filler volume, with higher volumes leading to greater satisfaction. Most participants (70%) were willing to repeat the procedure, and 72% would recommend it.

Conclusion

Dermal fillers provide high patient satisfaction with minimal complications. Higher filler volumes and lip/malar injections yielded better outcomes.

Recommendation

The Utilization of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of the infraorbital hollow is recommended to facilitate the application of hyaluronidase for material dissolution in the event of adverse reactions.

Dermatology in Uganda: Past, Present, and Future Prospects.

2025-03-22T12:18:19+00:00

This paper examines the progress of dermatology training, the distribution of the specialist workforce, and existing gaps in service provision in Uganda. Since the introduction of specialist training at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) in 1998, the field has expanded; however, its integration into public healthcare remains insufficient.

The absence of dermatologists in regional and national referral hospitals has led to limited access to specialized care, with most dermatology services concentrated in private practice. Additionally, the widespread misuse of unregulated cosmetic products and steroid creams exacerbates the already existing skin health challenges.

Despite the Ministry of Health's recognition of dermatology as a priority field, implementation of specialist recruitment remains nonexistent. This article underscores the urgent need for structured policy interventions to incorporate dermatologists into public healthcare, regulate cosmetic beauty practices, and expand dermatology training programs across the country.

Strengthening dermatology services through strategic investments and policy execution will enhance patient care and address the growing burden of skin diseases in Uganda. The findings advocate for immediate action to bridge the gap in dermatologic healthcare and improve accessibility for underserved populations.

Microfinance Credit and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Wakiso Town Council, Wakiso District

2025-04-11T03:23:23+00:00

Background

Despite widespread access to microfinance services in Wakiso Town Council (WTC), over 73% of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) report poor financial performance. This study investigated the relationship between microfinance credit and SME financial performance in WTC, Wakiso District, Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was used to collect primary data from 277 SMEs using structured questionnaires, supplemented with secondary data from WTC financial records. Financial performance was assessed through profitability (ROA), liquidity, and solvency indicators. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS v29.

Results

Most SMEs (57.8%) had been operational for less than 5 years, and 61.7% relied on microfinance institutions for funding. Correlation analysis showed a weak negative association between access to microloans and profitability (r = -0.128, p = 0.033), but a positive correlation between effective use of microloans and profitability (r = 0.181, p = 0.003). Satisfaction with loan terms showed a negative correlation with profitability (r = -0.124, p = 0.039). High borrowing frequency was positively associated with improved solvency (r = 0.122, p = 0.043). Regression analysis revealed that microfinance credit variables accounted for 7.7% of the variance in SME financial performance (R² = 0.077, F(8, 268) = 2.783, p = 0.006).

Conclusion

Access to microloans alone does not significantly enhance SME profitability in WTC. Overborrowing and rigid loan conditions may undermine benefits. Effective loan utilization and tailored financial literacy interventions are essential to strengthen SME financial performance.

Recommendations

Stakeholders should revise loan structures to include flexible terms, monitor credit use, and implement financial literacy programs to help SMEs maximize microfinance benefits.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-01-28T06:19:57+00:00

Background

The aim of the study is to determine the factors contributing to susceptibility of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal at Entebbe regional referral hospital Wakiso district.

Methodology

The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design that used quantitative methods of

data collection from 36 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital. The study employed a simple random sampling technique to select the sample. The collected data were summarized on paper using a pen, tallied, analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and then presented in the form of tables, pie charts, and graphs.

Results

The majority, 30 (83.3%), of the respondents were married, and the least, 6 (16.7%), were single. Most, 25 (69.4%) of the respondents reported having one sexual partner, Most, 23 (63.9%) of the respondents did not change their undergarments, most, 20 (55.6%) of the respondents said Yes when asked whether they had ever had about UTI, majority, 31 (86.1%) shared toilets with their neighbors, 18 (50%) bathed twice in a day, 18 (50%) of the respondents urinated four times and above, majority, 23 (63.9%) of the respondents had no history of any chronic illness. Most, 12 (33.3%) of the respondents were attending their fourth antenatal visit. The Majority, 25 (69.4%) of the respondents had never inserted a catheter. Most of the respondents, 21 (58.3%), were multigravida mothers.

Conclusions

The susceptibility of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Entebbe was 20.3% and was associated with Occupation, marital status, gravidity, and education level.

Recommendations

Ministry of health and other responsible bodies including the health workers should strive to increase the knowledge of patients about the importance of reporting and obtaining medical consultation.

Ultrasonography and Pregnancy Outcome in Threatened Abortion: A Prospective Observational Study

2025-03-28T13:38:38+00:00

Background: Threatened abortion, marked by first-trimester vaginal bleeding, poses a risk for pregnancy loss and adverse outcomes. Ultrasonography is a key diagnostic tool for assessing fetal viability and identifying predictive markers such as fetal heart rate and crown-rump length. This study explores the role of ultrasonographic parameters in predicting miscarriage risk and guiding clinical management.

Methods: This prospective observational study encompassed 100 pregnant women categorized into three groups based on first-trimester bleeding and ultrasonographic findings. Transvaginal ultrasonography assessed fetal heart rate, cervical length, and gestational sac characteristics. Statistical analyses evaluated the predictive value of sonographic markers for pregnancy outcomes.

Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable among groups, but Group I had earlier and heavier bleeding. Group I also revealed lower fetal heart rates and crown-rump lengths, indicating poor pregnancy viability (p < 0.05). Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including PROM, IUGR, and NICU admissions, were more frequent in Group II (p < 0.05). Early abnormal ultrasound markers were significantly associated with late pregnancy complications.

Conclusion: Early first-trimester ultrasound markers, particularly fetal heart rate and crown-rump length, are strong predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Identifying these markers can aid in risk stratification and timely intervention.

CORRELATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX VALUES WITH MATERNAL AND PERINATAL OUTCOMES IN PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES.

2025-04-02T19:11:09+00:00

Background:

Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) is a significant obstetric complication associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) levels and clinical outcomes in patients with PPROM between 26–36 weeks of gestation.

Methods:

A cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with PPROM between 26–36 weeks of gestation were analyzed. Demographic data, gestational age, AFI levels, and clinical outcomes including chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and neonatal survival were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the associations between AFI levels and these clinical outcomes.

Results:

The study population consisted of 80% patients with gestational ages between 32–36 weeks and 20% between 26–31 weeks. The majority (49%) had an AFI <5. Chorioamnionitis was present in 50%, and neonatal sepsis occurred in 68% of neonates. Neonatal survival was observed in 93% of cases. Gestational age was inversely correlated with AFI (P < 0.001), with lower gestational age associated with AFI <5. No significant association was found between AFI and chorioamnionitis or neonatal sepsis. AFI <5 was significantly associated with an increased risk of RDS (P = 0.003) and neonatal death (P = 0.005), with an odds ratio of 3.78 for RDS in patients with AFI <5. Chorioamnionitis was associated with neonatal sepsis (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

Low AFI (<5) in patients with PPROM is significantly associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal death. Gestational age and AFI levels play crucial roles in predicting neonatal survival and complications. Monitoring AFI can help identify high-risk pregnancies requiring closer observation and management.

Recommendations:

Healthcare providers should monitor AFI regularly in PPROM cases, especially with low AFI (<5). Enhanced neonatal surveillance for RDS and other complications is crucial. Early interventions and NICU preparation, particularly for gestational age <32 weeks,

FACTORS INFLUENCING FIRST ANTENATAL CARE AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T06:54:18+00:00

Antenatal care during pregnancy is a measure to reduce the maternal mortality rate. The study aims to determine the factors influencing first antenatal care among pregnant mothers during the first trimester at Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso district.

Methodology

A cross-sectional quantitative study design used a simple random sampling technique. Data from the questionnaires was entered into the computer using the Microsoft Excel program. Analysis was done, and data was presented in the form of tables, figures, and statistical texts

depicting respondents’ responses in frequencies and percentages.

Results

Most 5(45%) of the respondents mentioned delay in detecting abnormalities, 12(40%) thought one should start antenatal care, 11(38%) mentioned that distance to the facility hindered them. Majority 21(70%) of the respondents lacked ultrasound machine at the facility, Majority 18(60%) of the respondents spent long time waiting for service, 63% of the respondents were unaware of delayed ANC attendance. 53.3% of respondents reported that their religion restricted access to antenatal services. The study revealed that most respondents (40%) were between 18 and 20 years.

Conclusion

Level of knowledge and awareness about the risks of delayed ANC attendance, religious beliefs, geographic challenges, Inadequate healthcare infrastructure were the significant factors that influenced the timing of first ANC visit.

Recommendations

The government should improve access to healthcare services by expanding healthcare infrastructure in rural and underserved areas.

BARRIERS TO MALE INVOLVEMENT IN ANTENATAL CARE IN UGANDA. A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW.

2025-01-29T13:03:12+00:00

Background

Globally, men are significant figures in the decision-making processes of the family, especially to their expectant partner. During this period, mothers, their unborn babies, family members, and more so their husbands are excessively worried. This study aimed to assess the barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda.

Methods.

A systematic review of journal articles was carried out using the search words “Barriers”, “Male involvement,” and “Antenatal Care”. Different medical databases, such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, and PubMed, were used. A total of 134 relevant articles were published between 2010 and 2020 but were reduced to 36 most relevant full-text articles, of which 20 were Ugandan studies hinting at male involvement in Antenatal Care (ANC) services.

Findings.

The review revealed that barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda were classified as gender and cultural norms, lack of services targeting male partners, poor ANC service delivery, free availability of TBAs, poverty, long distances to ANC clinics and long waiting time at health centers, fear of HIV/AIDs testing and lack of specific services targeting men.

Conclusion.

There are many barriers to male involvement in ANC services in Uganda. Husbands are vital in the lives of pregnant mothers; thus, attending to these barriers could significantly increase male involvement in ANC services.

Recommendations.

The government of Uganda should involve community extension workers in sensitizing households on the benefits of husband involvement in ANC as well as improving service delivery and health care centers.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF LABOR ANALGESIA IN ANTENATAL WOMEN IN AMALAPURAM: A CROSS-SECTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

2025-04-04T05:18:30+00:00

Background

Labor analgesia is crucial for managing labor pain, yet its awareness and acceptance remain low in many developing regions. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding labor analgesia among antenatal women in Amalapuram, a rural area in India.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with 150 antenatal women aged 18-40 years attending the antenatal clinic at a tertiary care hospital. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding labor analgesia. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016.

Results

Of the 150 women surveyed, 25% were aware of labor analgesia. The majority (62%) of the 112 unaware respondents expressed interest in learning more, primarily preferring to receive information during obstetric consultations (55%). Concerns regarding labor analgesia were mainly centered around safety (85.3%) and its potential impact on the baby (56%). Regarding attitudes, 76% of participants feared labor analgesia, and 92.6% believed healthcare providers should offer it. Only 30% expressed interest in opting for labor analgesia in future pregnancies, with 70% preferring a natural birth. Knowledge dissemination was largely limited to family and social media sources.

Conclusion

The study reveals a low awareness of labor analgesia among antenatal women in Amalapuram, with significant interest in learning more about it. Healthcare providers, especially obstetricians, should be proactive in educating women during the antenatal period to increase acceptance of pain relief methods, which could improve maternal comfort and birth outcomes.

Recommendations

To improve awareness and acceptance of labor analgesia, healthcare providers, particularly obstetricians, should actively educate antenatal women during early pregnancy visits. Addressing misconceptions, enhancing communication, and providing clear, accurate information about pain relief options can help increase utilization. Further studies should explore cultural factors influencing pain relief choices in diverse populations.

BARRIERS FACED BY WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN SEEKING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING SERVICES IN KATABI MILITARY HOSPITAL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T08:40:56+00:00

Background

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries. The study aims to assess the barriers faced by women of reproductive age in seeking cervical cancer screening services in Katabi Miltary Hospital, Wakiso.

Methodology

The study adopted a descriptive design using quantitative approach. This design was suggested to enable the researcher to capture information of respondents views in own words. Processed data was analyzed by grouping the same ideas together and interpreted. Finally, data was presented in form of graphs, tables, and pie chart.

Results

The majority of the respondents, 63.3%, reported that there were some social beliefs such as “not everyone should see a female’s genitalia, more so men if not their partners”. 45.0%, suggested fear of the results, (70.0%) of the respondents couldn’t afford the screening, 55.6% reported having fear towards CC screening, Socioeconomic findings 41.6% wouldn’t seek CC screening due to poverty, 65.0%) reported that the clinic hours were not convenient for them and 53.4% reported long waiting hours as one the other facility based barriers, 33.3% of them reported health workers having poor attitude while providing these services. The majority of the participants (58.3%) were Baganda by tribe.

Conclusion

The barriers faced by women of reproductive age in seeking cervical cancer screening services were the cost of screening services, inconvenient clinic hours, prolonged waiting hours, fear, and poor attitude of health workers.

Recommendations.

To the ministry, the government and other stakeholders such as NGOs, should establish more health facilities and equip them with supplies for cervical cancer screening so as to further avail services to its female citizens.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-19T18:39:57+00:00

Background.

Intrauterine devices are one of the long-acting, safe and effective methods of contraception in women of reproductive age across the world with a safety percentage of 89 %. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing utilization of intrauterine contraceptive device contraception among women of reproductive age at Entebbe regional referral hospital, Entebbe municipality Wakiso district.

Methods.

A descriptive-cross sectional design. Quantitative methods of data collection were employed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample size of 30 respondents. Data was collected using a simple random sampling method.

Result.

Most 13(43.3%) of the respondents were between 26 and 30 years of age, 11(36.7%) had a primary level of education, 12(40%) had two children, 24(80%) had only one sexual partner and 18(60%) had a low family level of income. Concerning health facility-related factors; more than half 17(56.7%) take four hours and more waiting for family planning services, 16(53.3%) mentioned that health care providers do not recommend the use of intrauterine devices, 18(60%) do not receive health education about the use of intrauterine devices at the facility.

Conclusion.

The Individual factors were; age, level of education, number of children, weight, number of sexual partners, and family level of income. The health facility-related factors were; waiting time, health care providers’ recommendations, health education, availability of health facilities in community and availability of intra uterine devices.

Recommendations.

Healthcare workers should implement strategies to minimize waiting times for contraceptive services, including intra-uterine device insertion, and strengthen health education programs within the hospital to raise awareness about the benefits and availability of intra-uterine devices

A Comparative Analysis of Pap Smear and Colposcopic Findings in Individuals Presenting with Vaginal Discharge at a Tertiary Care Outpatient Department

2025-03-31T15:53:04+00:00

Background: Cervical cancer is a predominant cause of cancer-related mortality in women globally; nevertheless, it is predominantly preventable via early detection and intervention. Screening techniques like as the Pap smear and colposcopy are essential for detecting precancerous lesions, facilitating prompt intervention and alleviating disease burden.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, over one year. A total of 250 women aged 35–55 years underwent Pap smear, colposcopy, and biopsy for cervical lesion assessment.

Results: Among the participants, 34.0% had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 22.4% had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 21.2% showed inflammatory changes on Pap smear. Colposcopy revealed CIN I in 48.0% of cases, CIN II–III in 36.4%, and CIN III in 15.6%. Histopathological confirmation showed 83.2% had precancerous lesions, with 7.2% diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and 1.2% with adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions, emphasizing the necessity of early screening. Colposcopy demonstrated higher diagnostic accuracy than Pap smear, reinforcing its role in early cervical cancer detection.

EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE ON TERM INFANTS IN CASES OF MATERNAL ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-03-22T08:17:27+00:00

Background

In the past 25 years, the use of prenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women who are about to give birth, typically between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation, has been one of the most important advancements in perinatal medicine.

Objectives

In this investigation, the effects of maternal antepartum hemorrhage (APH) on the results of term children who were exposed to dexamethasone during pregnancy and those who were not.

Materials and Methods

The study was a retrospective study that was carried out at Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Information about 800 patients was extracted. Records pertaining to female patients suffering from APH who gave birth to a single child at 37 weeks or more. Exclusion criteria included those with premature rupture of the membranes or those who did not receive a full course of dexamethasone.

Results

The study included 800 pregnant women, 40 receiving antenatal dexamethasone and 760 not. The dexamethasone group had a lower mean maternal age (31.5±4.3 vs. 34.2±4.2 years; p<0.001) and higher rates of gestational diabetes (25% vs. 10.2%; p<0.001) and asthma (7.5% vs. 1.57%; p<0.05). APH, primarily due to placenta previa, was more common (20% vs. 5.2%). Dexamethasone exposure was linked to lower birth weight, Apgar scores, and gestational age at delivery (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The study concluded that while antenatal dexamethasone for APH was linked to a higher rate of surgical vaginal delivery, an earlier delivery, and a lower neonatal birthweight, it was not linked to SGA newborns, NICU admission, or a low Apgar score.

Recommendation

Antenatal dexamethasone use should be carefully considered, balancing neonatal benefits against risks like lower birth weight and early delivery, particularly in pregnancies complicated by APH.

PREVALENCE AND HEALTH FACILITY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT WAKISO HEALTH CENTER IV, WAKISO DISTRICT – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-16T02:57:34+00:00

Introduction

Abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study purposed to determine the prevalence and health facility factors associated with abnormal vaginal discharge among pregnant women attending antennal care at Wakiso Health Center IV, Wakiso District in Central Uganda.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants, selected by systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a data extraction form were used for data collection. The data was analyzed in SPSS v.21 using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and binary logistic regression. Participants provided written informed consent for participation. Ethical approval was sought from the College Research and Scientific Committee and administrative clearance was obtained from the District Health Office and the Health Facility In-Charge.

Results

Data was collected from 100 participants with a mean age of 31.9 (S = 7.63) years. The prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge was 40% and significant health facility factors were perceived quality of antenatal care services (aOR=8.001; 95% CI: 1.31 – 33.157; p-value = 0.004), distance to the health facility (aOR=12.956; 95% CI: 1.902 – 88.272; p-value = 0.009), and provision of a friendly care environment (aOR=5.889; 95% CI: 1.335 – 25.976; p-value = 0.019).

Conclusion

The prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Wakiso Health Center IV is high and is associated with the perceived quality of antenatal care, distance to health facilities, and provision of a friendly care environment.

Recommendations

There is a need for health workers to motivate pregnant women to seek timely care and provide during pregnancy and provide a friendly environment for prompt and effective treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge in pregnancy.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND HEALTH FACILITY-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF ANC SERVICES AMONG WOMEN AGED 18-40 ATTENDING ANC AT KYANKWANZI HEALTH CENTER III. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T08:13:28+00:00

Background

The study aims to identify the Socioeconomic factors and health facility-related factors affecting the utilization of ANC services among women aged 18-40 attending ANC at Kyankwanzi Health Center III.

Methodology

A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study design was used. The study targeted all pregnant mothers who attend ANC at Kyankwanzi Health Centre III aged between 18-40 years of age, with a sample size of 32 participants.

Results

The majority 14(43.7%) of the respondents were aged 18-24 years, while the least 2(6.3%) were 35-40 years. 14(43.7%) were self-employed and 6(18.8%) were formally employed.

The majority 21(65.6%) mentioned receiving advice on pregnancy management as the most important reason for attending ANC. 28(87.5%) reported that financial constraints prevent them from attending ANC visits. 21(65.6%) reported that their cultural norms or traditions in the community do not affect their decision to seek ANC services. 18(56%) said their spouse or other family members play a role in deciding whether or not to attend ANC. 17(53.1%) said the distance to the health facility greatly affects the respondents’ ability to attend ANC visits regularly. 20(62.5%) have experienced mistreatment or disrespect from healthcare staff during an ANC visit. 22(68.7%) said that the availability of skilled healthcare providers at the facility impacted the decision to seek ANC.

Conclusion

Financial barriers, medical supply costs, inadequate support from partners and families, mistreatment, or perceived lack of respect from healthcare staff contribute to delays and missed ANC visits. Factors like perceived quality of care and interactions with healthcare providers also influenced ANC attendance.

Recommendation

Enhancing healthcare staff training to promote respectful, culturally sensitive care, focusing on improving patient-provider interactions and reducing instances of mistreatment.

MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN CARE AND SUPPORT OF WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT ENTEBBE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T07:29:43+00:00

Background

Men are involved in support of women during pregnancy and childbirth, as men participate in decisions and activities that will improve women's and child health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess men’s involvement in the care and support of women during pregnancy and childbirth among mothers attending antenatal care at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology

Results

This study revealed that 65% of the respondents’ husbands had a monthly income of between 100000-300000 Uganda shillings, Half of the husbands to the respondents always provided transport costs to the health facility, and 52% of the husbands never had time to escort their wives for ANC. The findings of the current study indicated that 70% of the respondents agreed that the health workers encouraged men to escort their wives to ANC. However, 37.5% of the respondents believed men were not motivated to attend ANC. 85% of the participants reported having no cultural norms that ban men from accessing labor wards and ANC. However, 50% believed it is the responsibility of the in-laws to care for the woman during childbirth.

In conclusion

Increasing men’s involvement in maternal care requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses financial, cultural, and health facility-related barriers. By creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for men, both at home and within healthcare settings, maternal and child health outcomes can be significantly improved.

Recommendation

Health facilities should be more couple-friendly by offering services that encourage male involvement, such as priority service for couples attending ANC together and promoting couple-specific health education.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF IMPLANTS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AT KAWAALA HEALTH CENTRE IV, KAMPALA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-01-28T08:17:48+00:00

Background

Implants are a more effective method of family planning methods as they enable women to control their reproductive lives better and are better options for contraception than other long-term family planning methods. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the utilization of implants among women of reproductive age at Kawaala Health Centre IV, Kampala District.

Methodology

The method was a descriptive-cross sectional design that utilized quantitative methods of data collection from a sample size of 30 respondents who were sampled by simple random sampling method using a self-administered questionnaire, and data was analyzed using micro soft office programs and presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie-charts.

Results

The majority of 12(40%) were between 18 and 24 years of age, and 17(56.7%) were not employed. Regarding individual factors, 19(63.3%) would wish to have three children to start using an implant, 11(36.7%) had one child, 24(80%) did not know all the information about the implant, and 20(66.7%) did not have an overall decision on the use of implants. Concerning Social and cultural factors, 23(76.7%) mentioned that their husbands did not support the use of implants, 27(90%) mentioned that their husbands had desires to have many children, 26(86.7%) did not get support from their husbands during utilization of family planning, and 18(60%) mentioned that their cultural belief does not support the use of implants.

Conclusion

Factors identified were lack of knowledge about implants, desire to have more children, lack of overall decision-making, lack of husband support, and cultural beliefs.

Recommendations

Health workers should develop comprehensive health education programs regarding using of long-acting methods of family planning such as implants.

UPTAKE OF INTRA-UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES AND ITS ASSOCIATED INDIVIDUAL FACTORS AMONG WOMEN AGED 15 – 45 YEARS ATTENDING SERVICES AT BWEYOGERERE HEALTH CENTRE III, WAKISO DISTRICT, CENTRAL UGANDA – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-27T11:42:25+00:00

Introduction

An Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is a reversible, long-acting, safe, and effective method of postponing childbirth for couples, but many women get unwanted pregnancies in fear of side effects associated with some methods. This study aimed at determining the uptake of IUCDs and its associated individual factors among women aged 15 – 45 years attending health services at Bweyogerere Health Center III, Wakiso District, Central Uganda.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 391 women aged 15 – 45 years, attending services at Bweyogerere Health Center III, who voluntarily consented to participate in the study and were selected using systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed in SPSS v.21 using mean, frequencies, percentages, chi-square, and binary logistic regression. Participants provided written informed consent for participation. Ethical approval was sought from the College Research and Scientific Committee, and administrative clearance was obtained from the District Health Office and the Health Facility In-Charge. Results

Data was collected from 391 participants with an average age of 26.2 years (S = 6.86) and 348 (89%) were married and 378 (96.65%) were employed with almost equal distribution in the highest education level attained as; 148 (37.9%) had primary or less, 141 (36.1%) secondary and 102 (26.7%) had a tertiary or higher qualification. The uptake of IUCD was 26.6% and was associated with participants’ age (aOR=0.271; p-value=0.000) and education level (aOR=90.090; p-value=0.000) as the significant individual factors.

Conclusion

The uptake of IUCDs among participants is 26.6%, which is low and is associated with one’s age and educational level as the significant individual factors.

Recommendations

Health workers need to provide targeted contraceptive methods that are tailored to clients’ characteristics, like age and educational background, to accelerate the uptake of methods like IUCDs.

REVOLUTIONIZING HIGHER EDUCATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON AI-POWERED SMART UNIVERSITIES FOR THE NEXT GENERATION.

2025-03-14T17:07:30+00:00

Background

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education has transformed teaching, learning, and administration, leading to the rise of smart universities. AI-powered tools enhance student engagement, knowledge retention, and administrative efficiency, offering personalized learning experiences and streamlining workflows. However, institutions face challenges related to faculty adaptation, ethical concerns, and data privacy risks. This study assesses the impact of AI adoption on student engagement, academic performance, and institutional challenges in higher education.

Methods

This cross-sectional quantitative study utilized structured surveys to assess AI awareness, perceived benefits, adoption levels, and challenges among 350 participants at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), comprising 313 students and 37 lecturers. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, including mean percentages and frequency distributions, to identify key trends in AI adoption and its impact on student engagement, usage of AI tools, and academic outcomes.

Results

AI-powered learning tools significantly enhance student engagement (80%) and knowledge retention (75%), demonstrating their effectiveness in academic improvement. AI also increases administrative efficiency (70%) by automating enrolment, grading, and scheduling, reducing faculty workload. However, faculty adaptation (50%) remains a challenge due to limited training. Ethical concerns (40%), particularly regarding data privacy and algorithmic bias, necessitate greater transparency and oversight. The study found lecture capture systems (85%) and personalized content delivery (78%) to be the most widely used AI tools. Ethical dilemmas (80%), data privacy concerns (75%), and faculty resistance (60%) are key barriers to AI adoption. Additionally, a lack of resources (50%) limits access to AI-driven educational technologies.

Conclusion and Recommendations

While AI enhances student learning and institutional efficiency, faculty readiness, ethics, and infrastructure gaps remain challenges. Institutions must prioritize AI training, ethical policies, and infrastructure investment to ensure sustainable AI adoption. Encouraging faculty engagement, policy development, and continuous monitoring will maximize AI’s benefits and future-proof education.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL QUANTITATIVE STUDY

2025-03-12T15:06:12+00:00

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has transformed traditional learning methods. This study examines the implementation of AI-driven learning technologies, specifically Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), in the Nature Conservation Department at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT). The study evaluates the impact of ITS on student engagement, academic performance, and efficiency in grading. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed, with data collected from 450 students through structured surveys and academic performance records. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics and regression analysis, were used to assess engagement levels, knowledge retention, and grading efficiency. The findings indicate that AI-driven personalized learning tools significantly improved student engagement and academic performance. Seventy-eight percent of students reported increased engagement when AI systems customized content to their learning styles. Sixty-two percent demonstrated an improved understanding of complex topics, while ITS real-time feedback was valued by 85% of students, leading to a 74% improvement in knowledge retention. AI-assisted grading reduced marking time by 40%, increased accuracy (92% of faculty members), and ensured that 60% of students received detailed feedback faster. However, challenges were identified, including technological barriers (12% of students), AI literacy training requirements (20%), and ethical concerns about data privacy (15%). The study concludes that AI-driven ITS significantly enhances learning outcomes in conservation education, increasing engagement, retention, and grading efficiency. However, addressing technological accessibility and ethical concerns is crucial for optimal implementation. Institutions should invest in digital infrastructure, provide AI literacy training, and implement ethical safeguards to maximize the benefits of AI in education.

A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY ON THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM IN EDUCATION: CONFRONTING PAST AND PRESENT INFLUENCES

2025-03-11T19:07:27+00:00

The decolonization of South African universities is a critical movement to dismantle colonial legacies that continue to shape higher education. Despite efforts to redefine curricula, institutional cultures often marginalize indigenous knowledge systems. This study examines the gaps in current decolonization initiatives and advocates for systemic transformation that integrates African epistemologies into teaching, research, and community engagement. A qualitative research design was employed, incorporating policy analysis, stakeholder interviews, and case studies across three universities in KwaZulu-Natal: Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), Durban University of Technology (DUT), and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). 450 participants were surveyed to assess perspectives on decolonization and institutional responses. Findings indicate varying levels of support for decolonization efforts: at MUT, 30% strongly support, 35% support, 20% are neutral, 10% oppose, and 5% strongly oppose; at DUT, 40% strongly support, 30% support, 15% are neutral, 10% oppose, and 5% strongly oppose; at UKZN, 45% strongly support, 25% support, 15% are neutral, 10% oppose, and 5% strongly oppose. Key strategies identified for meaningful transformation include Indigenous student recruitment and retention, curriculum redesign centered on African epistemologies, and partnerships with local communities to co-create knowledge. While there is strong support for decolonization, resistance remains a challenge. Addressing this requires institutional commitment, inclusive policymaking, and sustained engagement with indigenous knowledge holders. Universities must embed decolonization principles within their frameworks by implementing curriculum reforms, strengthening community collaborations, and fostering policies that prioritize African scholarship. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on educational transformation in South Africa, offering practical strategies for systemic change.

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF E -LEARNING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY ON TEACHING AND LEARNING IN THE NATURE CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY: ENHANCING STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES AND SUPPORTING UNTRAINED LECTURERS.

2025-03-14T17:00:13+00:00

Background

The adoption of eLearning and modern technologies is transforming education globally, offering enhanced teaching and learning experiences. However, in specialized fields like Nature Conservation, students from underprivileged rural areas and untrained lecturers face considerable barriers. At South African institutions such as Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), addressing digital access and literacy challenges remains critical.

Methods

This study employed a quantitative research design to evaluate the impact of e-learning and technology integration in the Nature Conservation Department at MUT. A structured survey was conducted with 150 final-year students and 20 lecturers. Data collection focused on access to eLearning tools, digital literacy, lecturer training, and academic performance. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results

Among the students, 85% were aged between 20–25 years, while lecturers had an average of five years of teaching experience. The study found notable disparities between rural and urban students. Seventy percent of rural students reported access challenges, and 65% experienced difficulties in practical applications, while over 70% of urban students demonstrated strong digital literacy and learning outcomes. Lecturer training improved from 30% in year one to 70% in year three, but 30% remained untrained. E-learning was reported to enhance theoretical understanding (30%) and flexibility (25%), though practical challenges (25%) and limited resources (20%) were ongoing issues.

Conclusion

While eLearning enhances theoretical learning and flexibility in Nature Conservation education, disparities in access, digital literacy, and training hinder its full potential, particularly for rural students.

Recommendations

To bridge the digital divide, institutions should prioritize targeted lecturer training, expand infrastructure, and develop context-specific e-learning strategies tailored to under-resourced environments.

AN INVESTIGATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF STUDENT BEHAVIOUR ON EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES: PERSPECTIVES OF AFRICAN LECTURERS IN NATURE CONSERVATION AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY.

2025-03-11T12:47:04+00:00

Background

Student behaviour plays a pivotal role in shaping educational outcomes in higher education. However, there is limited empirical research exploring how racial and cultural dynamics influence lecturer-student interactions, especially concerning African lecturers. This study investigates how the behaviour of final-year students impacts the teaching efficacy of African lecturers in the Bachelor of Applied Science in Nature Conservation program at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT).

Methods

A qualitative research design was adopted, incorporating in-depth interviews with 15 African lecturers, surveys administered to 120 final-year students, and 30 classroom observations. The lecturers (60% male, 40% female) had teaching experience ranging from 5 to 20 years. Thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative data, while quantitative responses were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results

The study revealed three central challenges faced by African lecturers: a perceived lack of respect from students, cultural disconnect, and institutional neglect. Interview responses indicated that African lecturers were often subjected to defiance and undermining behaviour. Classroom observations confirmed higher rates of disruption in their classes. Quantitative data showed that 65% of African lecturers frequently experienced disrespect, compared to 30% of non-African lecturers. Student engagement was significantly lower in classes taught by African lecturers (40%) than their non-African counterparts (70%), and student performance averaged 50% compared to 80%, respectively.

Conclusion

African lecturers encounter systemic barriers, including implicit bias and inadequate institutional support, which negatively affect their teaching efficacy. These factors contribute to decreased student engagement and academic performance.

Recommendations

Higher education institutions should enforce clear behavioural guidelines, offer diversity and cultural sensitivity training, and establish institutional frameworks that support African lecturers. These measures are essential to promote equitable learning environments and improve both teaching and student performance outcomes.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS-BASED FINANCING TO IMPROVE MATERNAL, NEWBORN, AND CHILD HEALTH (MNCH) SERVICES IN NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN UGANDA

2025-02-26T07:49:40+00:00

Background

Results-based financing (RBF) is one of the health financing schemes implemented in Uganda's health care system to improve access and utilization of quality health services. This study evaluated the implementation of RBF for MNCH service delivery in national referral hospitals in Uganda.

Methods

The study employed a qualitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design with Kawempe National Referral Hospital as the study area. 12 participants were selected purposively from Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health Uganda, ENABEL-Belgian Development Agency, and Uganda Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project (URMCHIP). Data was collected through interviews and document reviews.

Results

The study reported that RBF increased resources used to purchase critical drugs and equipment, staff recruitment, and infrastructure development, as well as better indicators in MNCH service delivery. However, challenges such as inadequate supervision, fund misallocation, poor model design, and unclear fund management persisted. The study recommended enforcing supervision, revising resource allocation, and disbursing funds on time.

Conclusion

The implementation of RBF for MNCH service delivery in national referral hospitals in Uganda has improved MNCH outcomes as well as the quality of services provided. However, the existing challenges need to be addressed to ensure that the intended goals and objectives are achieved.

PREVALENCE, IDENTIFICATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF Acinetobacter baumannii COMPLEX & PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN THE EASTERN PART OF BIHAR.

2025-02-21T12:52:35+00:00

Background

Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas species have emerged as significant pathogens in healthcare-associated infections, showing resistance to multiple antibiotics, which complicates treatment options. Both organisms exhibit inherent and acquired resistance, making infections difficult to manage.

Aim

The study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas species from clinical samples in a tertiary care center.

Materials & Methods

This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2023 and September 2024 at a tertiary care center in Northern Bihar. A total of 60 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas species were identified using VITEK 2. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the MIC microbroth dilution technique.

Results

Out of 1058 clinical samples, 186 were positive for bacterial growth. Acinetobacter baumannii complex was isolated from 36 samples, and Pseudomonas species from 23. The sociodemographic results revealed that the majority of patients were in the 21-30 age group, with a higher prevalence of males (59.3%) compared to females (40.6%). The majority of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates (44.4%) were from sputum, followed by blood (30.5%). Resistance to multiple antibiotics, including piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, was observed in Acinetobacter baumannii, with strains isolated from urine showing 100% resistance to several antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum samples showed sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, while those from pus samples exhibited resistance to ceftazidime and imipenem.

Conclusion

Nitrofurantoin is an effective option for urinary tract infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, while piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem are recommended for empirical treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Resistance patterns highlight the need for stringent infection control measures to prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms.

Recommendation

Enhanced infection control and cautious use of antibiotics are essential to combat multidrug-resistant infections in healthcare settings.

THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF INTERLEUKIN 6 & hs-CRP IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: A CASE STUDY.

2025-03-22T06:52:43+00:00

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the identification of reliable biomarkers for early detection and risk assessment. Among these, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have emerged as crucial inflammatory mediators linked to the pathogenesis and development of CVD. Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is essential in endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and plaque instability, while hs-CRP serves as a systemic marker of inflammation, correlating with vascular injury and adverse cardiac events.n. This study aims to assess the association of baseline IL-6, hs-CRP, and LDL-C levels with cardiovascular events over one year in patients undergoing intensive cardiovascular treatment.

Methods

This research consisted of 100 patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 100 healthy controls. After obtaining consent, demographic data, medication history, and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. Clinical parameters, including age, sex, height, body weight, and blood pressure, were also recorded. Patients with liver diseases, renal dysfunctions, thyroid disorders, HIV, and acute inflammatory conditions were excluded. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical examination after a 12-hour fast. IL-6 levels were quantified using an ELISA kit (Ray Biotech, Inc.), Serum hs-CRP was measured using photometric analysis (autoimmune), and lipid profiles were assessed using enzymatic and colorimetric techniques.

Results

Patients with CVD showed significantly raised levels of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, hs-CRP, and IL-6 (p<0.0001), while HDL levels were lower. Increased BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure were also noted. These results reinforce the link between dyslipidemia, inflammation, and CVD, emphasizing their importance in disease progression and risk evaluation.

Conclusion

Elevated hs-CRP and IL-6 levels may help in the prediction of cardiovascular risks and further improve the stratification in suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) cases. Managing risk factors in high-risk patients and further research on IL-6’s causal role are essential.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILES OF COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS AT MENGO HOSPITAL, KAMPALA DISTRICT.

2025-03-03T02:45:06+00:00

Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common disease affecting all age groups and is increasingly difficult to treat due to antimicrobial resistance.

Methods

This study assessed the prevalence of UTIs and antimicrobial resistance profiles in patients at Mengo Hospital, Kampala. A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted from March to May 2023. Mid-stream urine samples were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, Gram staining, culture, biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Data was processed and analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Results

The results showed that 70.4% of patients had UTI, with a higher occurrence in females (72.7%) than in males (27.3%). UTI prevalence peaked at 30-39 years (37.5%). Common pathogens were Escherichia coli (20.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%), and Candida albicans (12%). Antimicrobial resistance was highest against Clindamycin (92%), Erythromycin (89%), and Ciprofloxacin (80%). Imipenem (96%), Meropenem (85%), and Vancomycin (78%) showed better sensitivity.

Conclusions

UTIs and antimicrobial resistance are significant public health concerns at Mengo Hospital. Women and individuals aged 30-39 years are at higher risk. Resistance varies widely, emphasizing the need for targeted antibiotic use.

Recommendations

The current study recommends routine UTI screening for high-risk patients. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should be done before treatment. Empiric therapy should be emphasized with effective antibiotics like Imipenem, Vancomycin, and Meropenem, considering local resistance patterns. Public awareness campaigns on UTI prevention and responsible antibiotic use should be carried out. Further research should be done on UTI epidemiology and resistance patterns to inform healthcare policies.

GLOBAL TRENDS, RISK FACTORS, AND CHALLENGES IN DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS

2025-03-02T18:44:36+00:00

Background

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains one of the greatest threats to global public health, with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) posing significant challenges to TB control efforts. While scientific advancements have led to improved diagnostics and treatment options, the continued spread of resistant TB strains threatens to undo decades of progress. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the global patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in TB, identifying key determinants, regional variations, and critical gaps in TB management.

Materials and Methods

A systematic review of published studies was conducted to examine the prevalence, risk factors, diagnostic and treatment challenges, and policy gaps contributing to AMR in TB. Studies were selected based on their focus on MDR-TB and XDR-TB, with a particular emphasis on regional differences, evolving resistance mechanisms, and healthcare system limitations.

Results

The review highlights significant regional variability in MDR-TB and XDR-TB prevalence, with the highest burden observed in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. Increasing evidence suggests that primary MDR-TB transmission rather than treatment failure is driving resistance in high-burden regions, challenging traditional TB control strategies. Key risk factors include previous TB treatment, HIV co-infection, delayed diagnosis, and poor treatment adherence. Diagnostic challenges persist, with limited access to drug susceptibility testing (DST) and delayed MDR-TB detection contributing to prolonged infectious periods. Treatment barriers include adverse drug reactions, financial constraints, and the rising resistance to second-line drugs, particularly fluoroquinolones.

Conclusion

The growing burden of DR-TB underscores the urgent need for strengthened global TB control strategies, including expanded molecular diagnostics, enhanced adherence support, pharmacovigilance, and infection control measures. Without decisive action, MDR-TB and XDR-TB will continue to spread, increasing treatment failures and mortality rates. Urgent investment in TB research, new drug development, and healthcare infrastructure is critical to containing the global DR-TB epidemic.

IN VITRO STUDIES ON PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA L. FRUIT PULP AND LAWSONIA INERMIS L. LEAVES EXTRACTS.

2025-01-23T20:52:28+00:00

Background

Plant materials are widely used for their healing power, and many studies have shown that compounds isolated from plants exhibit variable biological properties. The present work was aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical contents, evaluate the antioxidant capacities, and investigate the antibacterial activities of Adansonia digitata L (Bombacaceae) fruit pulp and Lawsonia inermis L (Lythraceae) leaves extracts.

Methods

Plant materials were first extracted (separately) by methanolic maceration, then the obtained extracts were utilized for preliminary phytochemical screening tests, in vitro DPPH antioxidant assay, and to determine their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the plate hole diffusion assay.

Results

The preliminary phytochemical screening for L. inermis leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins, while A. Digitata fruit pulp extract gave positive results for tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, and flavonoids. Both plant materials exhibited concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity with relatively similar capacities, which is equivalent to the standard (quercetin) at all concentrations (5, 10, 50, 125, and 250 µg/ml). The recorded growth inhibition for A. digitata was 19mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 18mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis, 15mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 14mm against Escherichia coli. For L. inermis, the inhibition zone was 25mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 20mm for Escherichia coli, 19mm for Proteus mirabilis, 16mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 13mm against Klebsiella pneumonia.

Conclusion

The obtained findings could justify the pharmacological properties and may provide the rationale for some ethnomedicinal uses of these plant products.

Recommendation

Further investigations should be performed as they could enhance the medicinal importance and evaluate the traditional values of these plants.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DELAYED UPTAKE OF GLASSES AMONG PATIENTS WITH REFRACTIVE ERRORS AT JINJA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-02-20T12:54:18+00:00

Background.

Despite the known benefits of wearing glasses for correcting refractive errors, there is a significant delay in the uptake of glasses among patients at Jinja Referral Hospital. This study determined factors associated with delayed uptake of glasses among patients with refractive errors at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital.

Methods.

It was a cross-sectional descriptive study, using quantitative methods was conducted among patients attending Jinja regional referral hospital eye clinic. 100 Respondents were selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Data was analyzed using Excel data base to for quantitative data which was presents in tables and graphs.

Results.

46(46%) of the participants were males, 12(27.78%) were in the age range of 41-50 years, and 41.67% of those participants were diagnosed with visual impairment. 65% of the respondents reported concerns about the social stigma of wearing glasses. The stigma was more pronounced among men (70%), 50% of both men and women felt that wearing glasses affected their appearance particularly younger individuals, 70(70%) of the participants were not aware that glasses can improve vision, 57(57%) were not aware of potential consequences of not correcting refractive errors timely and 52(52%) had not received information about timely correction of refractive errors from health care providers.

Conclusion.

The study established that several key factors, including demographic characteristics, low awareness levels, and social attitudes, significantly contribute to the delay in adopting corrective eyewear. Younger individuals and males were more likely to delay, while limited awareness and social stigma surrounding glasses further exacerbated the issue.

Recommendations.

To improve awareness of the importance of vision correction, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with Jinja Regional Referral Hospital and community leaders, should launch targeted awareness campaigns within the next six months.

SHORT WAVELENGTH AUTOMATED PERIMETRY CAN DETECT VISUAL FIELD CHANGES IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITHOUT RETINOPATHY: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

2025-02-27T11:59:53+00:00

Background

The purpose of the research was to assess the efficacy of SAP and SWAP-blue on yellow in detecting several changes taking place in the retinal sensitivity of the visual field in diabetic patients either with retinopathy or without retinopathy.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out at IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar. The study was conducted for six months. Participants in the research who do not provide consent are not allowed to participate. Overall, 120 participants were included in the study.

Results

The Average age of participants in group 1 was 51.2±6.8, while that of group 2 was 53.7±7.4. A statistically significant difference in the duration of diabetes was seen between groups 1 and 2, with a p-value of less than 0.0001. SAP and SWAP were shown to be statistically significantly correlated in groups 1 and 2, with mean deviation p-values of 0.001 and <0.0001, respectively.

Conclusion

It has been found that compared to people with clinical retinopathy, diabetic patients without overt retinopathy are more likely to have aberrant findings picked up by the SWAP approach.

Recommendation

We recommend SWAP because SITA SWAP will prove to be useful for the early detection of glaucomatous conversion.

EVALUATION OF CHOROIDAL AND MACULAR THICKNESS ASSESSED BY ENHANCED DEPTH IMAGING SD-OCT IN THE NATURAL PROGRESSION OF MYOPIC PATIENTS.

2025-04-03T10:25:03+00:00

Background

Myopia is associated with structural changes in the retina and choroid, which can be assessed using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in choroidal and macular thickness among patients with varying degrees of myopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Pradyumna Bal Memorial Hospital, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India. A total of 74 participants (148 eyes) with myopia were recruited. Participants underwent SD-OCT imaging, and measurements of macular and choroidal thickness were taken. Data were analyzed based on age, gender, and degree of myopia.

Results

There was a significant reduction in retinal and choroidal thickness with increasing age (p < 0.05). High myopia (> -9 diopters) showed significantly thinner retinal and choroidal layers compared to low and moderate myopia groups (p < 0.01). Male participants had slightly higher thickness measurements compared to females, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Progression of myopia is associated with thinning of retinal and choroidal structures, particularly in patients with high myopia.

Recommendation

Regular SD-OCT monitoring is recommended in myopic patients for early detection of structural changes and timely intervention.

TRENDS OF VISUAL DISABILITY CERTIFICATION AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF GUJARAT: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

2025-01-07T14:41:10+00:00

Background

Visual disability is a major public health issue in India, significantly impacting individuals' quality of life and imposing a substantial economic burden. The government has introduced the Unique Disability ID (UDID) system to provide certification and benefits for persons with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. This study aims to analyse the UDID-certified visual disability certificates issued at a tertiary care centre in Rajkot, Gujarat, to evaluate the degree, causes of visual disability, and identify any gaps in the current certification system.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted at P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot, from January 2017 to December 2022. Data from 500 UDID-certified visual disability certificates, including demographic details, degree of disability, and underlying causes, were collected and analyzed. Inclusion criteria included individuals with a visual disability of 30% or higher. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and results were summarized using mean, median, and range.

Results

A total of 500 UDID-certified certificates were analyzed. The majority (31%) of certificates were issued in the 20–40 years age group, with a male preponderance (69.6%). The most common categories of visual disability were blindness (82%) followed by one-eyed (9.2%) and low vision (8.8%). Retinal diseases (41%), particularly retinitis pigmentosa (15.2%), were the leading causes of disability. Optic atrophy (17.8%) was the second most common cause. The study identified the under-representation of older adults and females in the certification process.

Conclusions

Retinal diseases, particularly retinitis pigmentosa, and optic atrophy were the most common causes of visual disability. The 20–40 years age group predominantly sought UDID certification, primarily for availing government benefits. The study highlights the need to revise the certification criteria to include individuals with less than 40% disability.

Recommendation

Expanding UDID certification at sub-district levels or through outreach camps to ensure broader access and inclusion.

RECURRENT BULLOUS ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME SECONDARY TO HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION IN AN 18-YEAR-OLD MALE: A CASE STUDY.

2025-02-11T17:21:47+00:00

Introduction

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, immune-mediated mucocutaneous disorder characterized by characteristic targetoid lesions. The bullous subtype is rare and often triggered by infections such as herpes simplex Virus (HSV). Recurrent EM is strongly associated with HSV reactivation.

Case Presentation

We report an 18-year-old HIV-seronegative male with recurrent bullous erythema multiforme secondary to oral HSV infection. The patient had a two-year history of recurrent blistering episodes occurring every 2-3 months. Laboratory findings confirmed high HSV-1 IgG titers. Histological examination supported the diagnosis of bullous erythema multiforme. The patient was treated successfully with oral acyclovir suppression therapy, leading to a complete resolution of symptoms with no recurrences for six months.

Conclusion

This case highlights the importance of recognizing HSV as a potential trigger for recurrent bullous erythema multiforme and the effectiveness of antiviral suppression therapy in preventing recurrences.

Recommendation

Early identification of recurrent HSV-associated erythema multiforme is crucial for timely intervention. Long-term suppressive antiviral therapy should be considered in patients with frequent recurrences.

BRIDGING THE GAP: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN ADDRESSING UNMET DERMATOLOGY SERVICE NEEDS IN UGANDA

2025-02-05T20:04:33+00:00

The demand for dermatology services in Uganda far exceeds the available resources, creating significant unmet needs. Social media platforms offer a cost-effective and accessible solution for bridging this gap. This study examines the role of social media in improving dermatology services by providing education, increasing access to care, and enhancing patient-provider communication. Additionally, it highlights challenges such as misinformation, privacy concerns, and the digital divide while proposing strategies to optimize the benefits of social media in dermatology.

A Study of Postpartum Depression Among Mothers from an Urban City in India

2025-03-31T12:23:58+00:00

Background- Mental illnesses were the second most prevalent cause of disease burden globally in 2017 and the sixth most common reason of disability adjusted life years (DALYs). This presented a significant challenge to health systems in less or middle-income countries.

Objectives- The purpose of the study was to determine how common postpartum depression was in urban field practice settings. Additionally, the sociodemographic characteristics of the research participants were examined.

Materials and Methods- In Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, at the Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, a cross-sectional study was carried out. The research lasted for six months. In all, 66 patients participated in this trial. Every postpartum woman living in an urban field practice area participated in the study. Mothers who consented to participate in the trial and all mothers within a year of giving birth were the study. Participants who refused to take part in the trial, postpartum moms with other medical conditions, and moms with a medication-treated diagnosis of postpartum psychosis were also excluded.

Results- Twenty-four (36.4%) of the ladies were in the 20–30 age range, while twenty-three (34.8%) were in the 31–40 age range. Only 08 (12.1%) of participants were in the age of more than 40 years. It has been observed that support from the husband in a group of women with depression was present in 11 (68.7%) of participants. And family support in the women with depression was seen in 09 (56.2%) of participants.

Conclusion- Postpartum depression has been found to be substantially correlated with the following factors: maternal age, lower socioeconomic position, unintended pregnancy, domestic violence, lack of support from the husband and family, lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), the female newborn, and pressure to have a boy.

MELIA AZEDARACH L. (MELIACEAE): PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACTS.

2024-11-23T09:22:43+00:00

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Recommendations

Future research is needed to evaluate each bioactive compound's antibacterial activity and efficacy to determine which can be used as components in producing antibacterial medicines and drugs.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

2025-02-04T08:15:49+00:00

Medical Cannabis sativa inflorescence has gained popularity in recent years due to the therapeutic pharmacological characteristics of its components. Cannabis sativa L.-based drugs are effective in treating a variety of illnesses, including constipation, certain types of pain, epilepsy, and anxiety, among others. The therapeutic potential of medicinal Cannabis sativa has been established in different medical illnesses, such as sleep disorders, nausea, anorexia, emesis, pain, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and cancer. Cannabis inflorescences contain a high concentration of secondary metabolites, primarily cannabinoids and terpenes.

Cannabis phytochemical components known as cannabidiol and 9-tetrahydrocannabinol have significant medicinal importance due to their effects on the central nervous system. Tetrahydrocannabinol is a pharmacological compound used to control and treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as to promote appetite. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified in the plant.

The study aims to assess the medicinal benefit of Cannabis sativa and its impact on socioeconomic development. C. sativa has a wide-ranging impact on socioeconomic development, which has resulted in major economic gains in regions where it has been authorized. Projections indicate that the legal Cannabis market has generated significant tax income, which may be reinvested in community activities. Most clinical trials focused on the Western World, thus leaving a lack of data on how Cannabis sativa affects diverse African communities from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Future research must investigate the impact of cannabis production on poverty reduction and income inequality, as well as how benefits are distributed.

ELEVATED CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIN-1 AND OXIDATIVE STRESS AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR PREECLAMPSIA IN WOMEN FROM TAMILNADU: A CASE CONTROL STUDY.

2025-04-09T04:57:24+00:00

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, contributing to maternal and fetal morbidity. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE.

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate ET-1 and oxidative stress markers as potential biomarkers for preeclampsia in pregnant women from Erode, Tamil Nadu.

Methods

A prospective case-control study was conducted at Government Erode Medical College Hospital, involving 86 pregnant women. Participants were categorized into preeclamptic cases (n = 46) and normotensive controls (n = 40). Serum levels of ET-1, total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidative status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. Independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlation were performed to evaluate group differences and associations.

Results

The preeclamptic group had significantly elevated ET-1 (1.39 ± 1.31 pg/ml vs. 1.27 ± 0.285 pg/ml, p = 0.023), higher TOS (119.44 ± 6.48 µmol/L vs. 112.88 ± 3.23 µmol/L, p = 0.034), lower TAS (1.04 ± 0.259 mmol/L vs. 1.47 ± 0.388 mmol/L, p = 0.001), and higher OSI (1.44 ± 1.29 vs. 0.867 ± 0.421, p < 0.001). Demographic variables such as mean age (24.01 ± 3.43 vs. 22.64 ± 2.16 years), gravidity, and gestational age (33.1 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4.3 weeks) showed no significant differences, confirming matched groups. Pearson’s correlation revealed a weak, non-significant association between ET-1 and OSI.

Conclusion

Preeclampsia is associated with elevated oxidative stress and ET-1 levels, supporting their role as potential biomarkers. These findings may aid in early diagnosis and improved clinical monitoring of PE.

Recommendations

Future multi-center studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal follow-up are recommended to confirm these findings, explore causal mechanisms, and evaluate the utility of ET-1 and oxidative stress markers for risk stratification and therapeutic interventions in high-risk pregnancies.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON BIPARIETAL DIAMETER AND FEMUR LENGTH UTILISING ULTRASONOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES, ALONG WITH ITS CORRELATION TO FOETAL GESTATIONAL AGE.

2025-02-24T13:22:14+00:00

Background

The prenatal evaluation is crucial during pregnancy for evaluating the growth and development of the fetus. Ultrasonography is an accessible screening method for monitoring prenatal growth using fetal parameters and gestational age (GA). Femur length (FL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) are frequently utilized in the second trimester to evaluate fetal growth and ascertain precise gestational age. Studies indicated discrepancies in the reliability of FL and BPD for determining gestational age and fetal growth by ultrasonography. The purpose of the current study was to compare biparietal diameter and femur length with gestational age.

Materials and Methods

The study included 190 pregnant women in total. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 35 years, and their gestational ages ranged from 20 to 38 weeks.

Results

This investigation examined 79 cases in the second trimester, specifically between 20 and 27 weeks, and 110 instances in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The observed means of FL and BPD were 56.19 and 73.09, respectively. The standard error (SE) and the standard deviation (SD) of the mean for BPD and FL were 0.629, 0.569, and 12.79 and 11.59, respectively.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates a significant link between FL and BPD, with FL exhibiting good accuracy in assessing gestational age, while the correlation diminishes from 20 to 38 weeks.

Recommendation

Analyzing the growth patterns of FL and BPD by sonography will lead to better results.

Prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome and it's adverse effects : A cross sectional study on undergraduate medical students

2025-03-27T07:01:42+00:00

Background: Text Neck Syndrome (TNS) is a condition associated with prolonged smartphone usage and poor posture, leading to various musculoskeletal symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of TNS and its adverse effects among undergraduate medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 undergraduate medical students. Data on symptoms, smartphone usage, posture, and the impact on daily activities were collected using structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation between smartphone usage, posture, and the presence of TNS symptoms.

Results: The prevalence of TNS was 75%, with the majority of students reporting neck pain (68%), shoulder pain (54%), and headaches (40%). A significant correlation was found between smartphone usage duration and TNS symptoms, with students using smartphones for more than 4 hours per day experiencing higher rates of neck pain (p < 0.05) and headaches (p < 0.01). Furthermore, poor posture was associated with TNS, as 55% of students with TNS had poor posture compared to 45% without TNS (p < 0.01). TNS also negatively impacted academic performance (45%) and sleep quality (30%). Despite 70% awareness of good posture, only 30% of students practiced corrective measures during smartphone usage.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome among medical students underscores the importance of addressing this condition through awareness and corrective measures. Smartphone usage duration and poor posture are significant contributors to TNS symptoms, which can adversely affect academic performance and quality of life. Regular breaks, posture correction, and educational interventions are recommended to mitigate these effects.

SEROPREVALENCE OF TTI AMONG BLOOD DONORS AT THE BLOOD CENTER, LALITPUR: A RETROSPECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2025-03-26T13:03:50+00:00

Background

Millions of lives are saved by timely, safe, and enough transfusions; yet inappropriate transfusions raise the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) and cause numerous potentially fatal consequences. All infections that can spread from person to person by parenterally administering blood or blood products are known as TTIs.

Objectives

At a blood center at Autonomous State Medical College (ASMC), Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh, the study sought to ascertain the TTI prevalence in both replacement and voluntary donors.

Materials and Methods

Data that were collected on donors of blood collected at a blood center between 2021 and 2024 was the subject of retrospective descriptive research. Data that were extracted from the database included age, sex, and donation type. The outcomes were total TTI, syphilis seropositivity, HIV, HBV, and HCV.

Results

The sociodemographic analysis revealed a predominantly male donor population (95.6%) with a mean age of 43.9±7.3 years, and the majority were family donors (81%). The overall seroprevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) was low, with Hepatitis B being the most prevalent at 0.48%, followed by HCV at 0.06%. No cases of HIV, syphilis, or malaria were detected. Year-wise distribution showed a non-significant variation in TTI seropositivity over the study period (p=0.24).

Conclusion

The study concludes that the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections is medium and has been declining over time. The most common infection is hepatitis B (HBsAg), which is followed by syphilis, HIV, and HCV.

Recommendation

Regular screening, stringent donor selection, and promotion of voluntary donations are recommended to further reduce the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections.

Association Between Diabetes and Cancer Risk: A Rapid Review of Cohort Studies Published Since 2013 to 2024.

2024-12-30T22:14:41+00:00

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are two prevalent and debilitating health conditions worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that diabetes not only increases the risk of developing various cancers but may also worsen cancer progression and complicate treatment outcomes. This rapid review evaluates existing cohort studies that investigate the progression from diabetes to cancer, with a focus on identifying key factors that potentially influence cancer development in diabetic patients.

Methods

25 cohort studies from 2013-2024 sourced from Google Scholar, including prospective, retrospective, and clinical studies examining the relative risk of various cancers in diabetic populations were reviewed. The quantitative cancer risk analyses conducted on people with diabetes in these studies were also reviewed. Studies that did not report risk estimates and studies with cross-sectional or case-control designs were excluded.

Results

The review showed a gradual increase in the number of studies investigating the relationship between diabetes and cancer, with the highest proportion conducted between 2021 (16%) and 2023 (12%). Findings revealed an association of Type 2 DM (T2DM) with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 2.50) and colorectal cancer in men (HR = 1.42). Standardized risk ratios (SRR) revealed stronger associations of T2DM with certain cancers, including endometrial cancer (SRR = 1.81).

Conclusion

When compared with Type 1 DM, T2DM is associated with a higher risk of cancer including pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, and breast cancers. Obesity, glycaemic control, disease duration, and the effects of therapeutic treatment have been highlighted as factors that contribute to this increased risk. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of tailored approaches to cancer risk management in diabetes patients, considering gender, region, and treatment techniques.

Recommendations

Future research should investigate the link between diabetes and cancer, emphasizing underexplored cancer types, diabetes medications, gender, region, and socioeconomic status to enhance cancer prevention in diabetic populations.

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES TOWARDS NURSES’ DOCUMENTATION AT KAYUNGA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KAYUNGA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T06:48:18+00:00

Background

Nurses’ documentation is a critical aspect of healthcare that ensures continuity of care, patient safety, and effective communication among healthcare professionals. However, gaps in knowledge and inadequate documentation practices compromise patient outcomes and legal compliance. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of professional nurses regarding nurses' documentation at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital, Kayunga District.

Methodology

The method was a descriptive cross-sectional study design using quantitative research methods. A structured questionnaire was administered, and a checklist for the practice of professional nurses at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital was selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected on nurses' knowledge and practices regarding documentation and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with results presented in tables, pie charts, and figures.

Results

60% of nurses had adequate knowledge of the importance of documentation, 55% were unaware of the potential consequences of improper documentation, and 53% did not consistently document nursing interventions provided to patients. 78% of nurses practiced real-time or near-real-time documentation, while 68% adhered to standardized documentation protocols.

22 (55%) were between 25 and 44 years old, while the least number of respondents, 2 (5%), were less than 25 years old. The majority, 32 (80%), were female, while the smallest group, 8 (20%), were males. 28 (70%) had attained a certificate in nursing, while the lowest number of respondents, 2 (5%), had attained a diploma in nursing. 24 (60%), had practiced for 1- 5 years, while the smallest group, 2 (5%), had practiced for less than 1 year

Conclusion

The study revealed that nurses understood the importance of documentation but struggled with applying documentation standards in practice.

Recommendation

The study recommended regular training, the use of structured formats, and real-time documentation to improve the quality and accuracy of nursing documentation at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital.

KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH WORKERS TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEM AT HENROB HOSPITAL ZANA IN WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2025-01-28T05:51:04+00:00

Background.

Electronic medical records systems have transformed healthcare delivery, enhanced patient care, and streamlined clinical workflow. However, effective utilization of the electronic medical records systems remains challenging due to issues, data security concerns, and user satisfaction. This study assessed the knowledge of health workers towards the utilization of the electronic medical records system at Henrob Hospital Zana in the Wakiso district.

Methodology.

A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was used with 68 respondents selected through convenient sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, and data was manually tallied using Microsoft Excel, generating frequency tables, graphs, and pie charts.

Results

(54.4%) of the study participants, the majority of the participants were certificate holders (42.6%). 54.4% reported that they knew what EMR stood for, 60.2% reported that they knew the primary purpose of EMR, and 75% reported that they didn’t know the difference between EMR and EHR.

Conclusion.

The majority of the participants had a fair Knowledge of Electronic Medical Records and their benefits.

Recommendations.

Ministry of Health and other responsible stakeholders, including the health workers at Henrob Hospital Zana, should strive hard to educate all health workers about the use of the Electronic Medical records system.