Mapping urban heat islands in Durban (2010–2025). A longitudinal ecological remote sensing study.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i3.2376

Authors

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i3.2376

Keywords:

Urban Heat Island, Land Surface Temperature, Remote Sensing, Land-Use Change, Climate Change, Durban, Ecological Study, Urban Climate

Abstract

Background
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are an escalating environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanising cities, particularly in the Global South. Durban, a major coastal city in South Africa, has undergone significant land-use and land-cover transformation over recent decades, potentially intensifying surface temperature dynamics. Understanding long-term UHI trends is essential for supporting climate-resilient urban planning, reducing heat-related risks, and promoting sustainable city development.

Methods
This study adopted a longitudinal ecological remote sensing design to assess UHI dynamics in Durban between 2010 and 2025. Multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel satellite imagery were used to derive land surface temperature (LST) and classify land-cover types. Spatial analysis techniques were applied to examine temperature distribution patterns, while temporal trend analysis and correlation statistics were used to evaluate associations between LST and land-cover changes, including built-up expansion, vegetation loss, and coastal proximity.

Results
Findings indicate a consistent intensification of UHI patterns over the 15-year period. Mean LST in densely built-up areas increased from 28.4 °C in 2010 to 31.2 °C in 2025 (+2.8 °C), while vegetated zones recorded a smaller increase of +1.2 °C. Impervious surface expansion (approximately 20%) showed a strong positive correlation with elevated LST values (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). Inland urban zones demonstrated a statistically significant warming trend (β = 0.18 °C per year, p < 0.05), whereas areas with high vegetation cover and coastal influence exhibited cooling effects of up to 2 °C relative to industrial zones.

Recommendations
Urban planners and policymakers should prioritise green infrastructure development, protect and restore vegetated areas, and integrate heat mitigation strategies into land-use planning frameworks. Institutionalising remote sensing-based monitoring systems is essential to support evidence-based climate adaptation and sustainable urban management in Durban.

Author Biography

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa, Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban South Africa

is a dedicated lecturer in the Department of Nature Conservation at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), South Africa. He holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and specializes in biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and environmental education. Dr. Mbanjwa is deeply committed to community engagement, student mentorship, and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems into conservation practices. His work bridges academia and practical application, empowering students and communities through innovative teaching, research, and outreach initiatives.