Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional study.

Md.Faiyaz  Alam

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i9.2014

Authors

Dr. Md. Faiyaz Alam Associate Professor , Department of Medicine ,Katihar Medical College -Katihar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i9.2014

Keywords:

Metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Central obesity, Cardiovascular risk, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), Tertiary care, Bihar

Abstract

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals with T2DM are particularly prone to developing MetS due to overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. In India, the prevalence of MetS is rising in parallel to the diabetes epidemic, necessitating focused research at the regional levels.

Objective

To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in Bihar, India.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months in the Department of General Medicine at Katihar Medical College. A total of 100 T2DM patients aged ≥30 years were enrolled. MetS was diagnosed using the NCEP ATP III criteria. Data on demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were collected and analyzed using SPSS v25.

Results

The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 68%. Central obesity (72%), hypertension (66%), low HDL cholesterol (61%), and hypertriglyceridemia (59%) were the most commonly observed components. All participants had fasting glucose levels ≥100 mg/dL. MetS was more prevalent among females (77.7%) compared to males (60%), and was most common in the 51–60-year age group (75%). Statistically significant associations were found between female gender and central obesity (p=0.02), and between age and MetS prevalence (p=0.04).

Conclusion

A high burden of metabolic syndrome exists among T2DM patients in this region, with central obesity and hypertension being the predominant components. Early detection and management are essential to reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular complications.

Recommendations

Routine MetS screening should be integrated into diabetes care protocols, especially for high-risk groups.

Author Biography

Dr. Md. Faiyaz Alam, Associate Professor , Department of Medicine ,Katihar Medical College -Katihar

working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine at Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Katihar, Bihar, India.

References

Agyemang-Yeboah, F., Eghan, B. A. J., Annani-Akollor, M. E., Togbe, E., Donkor, S., & Oppong Afranie, B. (2019). Evaluation of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A descriptive Cross‐Sectional study at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. BioMed Research International, 2019(1), 4562904. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4562904

Meenakshi, S., Devi, N. P., Prabhu, E., & Shanmugam, R. S. (2019). High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Outpatients in a Tertiary Care Centre, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (JKIMSU), 8(1).

Vatakencherry, R. M. J., & Saraswathy, L. (2019). Prevalence of Metabolic syndrome among adults in a teaching hospital in Kochi, Central Kerala: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(6), 2079-2083. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_241_19

Zerga, A. A., & Bezabih, A. M. (2020). Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Dessie Referral Hospital, Amhara region, Ethiopia. PloS one, 15(11), e0241432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241432

Charkos, T. G., & Getnet, M. (2023). Metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare, 4, 1165015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1165015

Timalsina, S., & Pandit, P. (2019). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 9(2), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.365 https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v9i2.24527

Giri, A., Joshi, A., Shrestha, S., & Chaudhary, A. (2022). Metabolic syndrome among patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome presenting to a tertiary care hospital: a descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 60(246), 137. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7221

Abagre, T. A., Bandoh, D. A., & Addo-Lartey, A. A. (2022). Determinants of metabolic syndrome among patients attending diabetes clinics in two suburban hospitals: Bono Region, Ghana. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 22(1), 366. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02805-4

Karki, M., Shrestha, R., Dhungana, M., & Rayamajhi, B. (2024). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care center of western Nepal. medRxiv, 2024-06. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.03.24308403

Shita, A., Teshome, H., Ayalew, M., Yesuf, W., & Getachew, D. (2023). Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia Region. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare, 4, 1234674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1234674

Kumar, P. K., & Sagar, B. (2025). A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice, 11, 788-792.

James, M., Varghese, T. P., Sharma, R., & Chand, S. (2020). Association between metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus according to International Diabetes Federation and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria: a Cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19(1), 437-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00523-2

Sharma, K., Poudyal, S., Subba, H. K., & Khatiwada, S. (2023). Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors among diabetes patients attending a teaching hospital, Chitwan. Plos one, 18(5), e0286139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286139

Hossain, M. A., Kabir, M., Adnan, T., Yasmin, M., & Chowdhury, M. T. (2022). Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh. Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 1-6.

Thakur, J. K., Kumar, R., Basu, D., Hansda, K., Munshi, B.D., & Chakraborty, S. N. (2019). Prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome and its determinants among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending the integrated diabetes and gestational diabetes clinic of a tertiary health care level hospital of eastern India. IOSR J Dent Med Sci, 18(1), 24-9. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2019.051450306201