Threats posed to the fragile and pristine marine turtle (loggerhead & leatherback) eggs in the Maputaland coastline: a cross-sectional ecological assessment.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i3.1980

Authors

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v7i3.1980

Keywords:

Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), Maputaland coastline, Sea turtle conservation, Nesting success, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Turtle monitoring programme, Poaching and human disturbance

Abstract

Background
The Maputaland coastline in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is a critical nesting habitat for the endangered Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles. Despite its protected status, this region is increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures and environmental stressors that threaten turtle nesting success and egg survival. This study assessed key threats affecting marine turtle reproduction within the Maputaland Marine Protected Area (MPA).

Methods
A cross-sectional ecological assessment was conducted between November 2023 and March 2024, corresponding with the peak turtle nesting season. Data were collected along a 30 km stretch of coastline and included nest counts, hatchling success rates, records of physical disturbances (e.g., erosion and storm surges), observations of human activities (e.g., poaching, tourism, off-road vehicle tracks), and semi-structured interviews with conservation officers and local community members. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results
The overall hatchling success rate was 58%, with significantly lower success observed in areas experiencing high levels of human disturbance. Illegal poaching was responsible for 23% of recorded nest disturbances. Additional threats included artificial coastal lighting causing hatchling disorientation, dune erosion, and off-road vehicle activity. Qualitative findings revealed low public awareness of conservation legislation and the continued cultural consumption of turtle eggs. Conservation personnel highlighted limited patrol capacity and insufficient community outreach as major constraints to effective protection.

Conclusion
Both anthropogenic activities and natural stressors are undermining marine turtle reproductive success along the Maputaland coastline.

Recommendations
Community-based conservation approaches incorporating environmental education, strengthened enforcement of MPA regulations, turtle-friendly lighting, and sustainable eco-tourism practices are essential. Collaborative co-management involving local communities, conservation authorities, and academic institutions is critical for long-term turtle conservation and ecosystem resilience.

Author Biography

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa, Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban, South Africa

is a dedicated lecturer in the Department of Nature Conservation at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), South Africa. He holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and specializes in biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and environmental education. Dr. Mbanjwa is deeply committed to community engagement, student mentorship, and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems into conservation practices. His work bridges academia and practical application, empowering students and communities through innovative teaching, research, and outreach initiatives.

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