Incidental Discovery of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis as a Mimicker of Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Study

Zeenat Sarmadi  Imam; Shadan  Rabab; Kumari Sunita  Bharti; Makarand Hemant  Langhe; Bipin  Kumar; Manish  Mandal; Rakesh Kumar  Singh

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v5i11.1807

Authors

Zeenat Sarmadi Imam Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Shadan Rabab Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
Kumari Sunita Bharti Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Makarand Hemant Langhe Senior Resident, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Bipin Kumar Professor and HOD, Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Manish Mandal Professor and HOD, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Rakesh Kumar Singh Additional Professor, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v5i11.1807

Keywords:

Glaucoma, depression, anxiety, Quality of life, NEI VFQ-25, HADS, Mental health, Chronic ocular disease

Abstract

Background

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety, as well as their impact on the quality of Life in patients diagnosed with glaucoma at a tertiary care center.

Methods

This cross-sectional observational study was performed for 12 months at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur. One hundred ten patients diagnosed with primary open-angle or angle-closure glaucoma were enrolled following informed consent. Standardized tools, such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25), were utilized to assess psychological condition and vision-related quality of life (QoL). Demographic and clinical characteristics, including age, gender, glaucoma type and duration, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure, were documented.

Results

Among the 110 participants, 42.7% displayed signs of depression, while 38.1% experienced clinically significant anxiety. Depression was more common in patients with advanced-stage glaucoma and bilateral visual field impairment. The NEI VFQ-25 scores were markedly diminished in individuals exhibiting elevated HADS scores, signifying a robust correlation between impaired visual function and compromised mental health and quality of life. Female patients and individuals with prolonged disease duration exhibited markedly elevated anxiety scores (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Depression and anxiety are prevalent yet frequently disregarded comorbidities in glaucoma patients, significantly affecting their quality of life. Routine psychological assessment and comprehensive mental health assistance should be incorporated into glaucoma therapy techniques, especially for patients with advanced illness, bilateral involvement, and unfavorable visual outcomes. A multidisciplinary strategy incorporating psychological counseling may enhance overall patient well-being and adherence to treatment.

References

George, R., Ve, R. S., & Vijaya, L. (2005). Glaucoma in India: estimated burden of disease. Journal of Glaucoma, 14(6), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ijg.0000186405.00403.aa

Gupta, V., Srinivasan, G., & Sharma, A. (2008). Patient awareness and attitudes toward glaucoma in an urban population in India. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 15(4), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580802062162

Jampel, H. D., Friedman, D. S., Quigley, H., Vitale, S., & Miller, R. (2002). Correlation of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire with vision and clinical findings in glaucoma patients. Archives of Ophthalmology, 120(6), 743-750. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.6.743

Mabuchi, F., Yoshimura, K., Kashiwagi, K., Shioe, K., Kanba, S., & Iijima, H. (2008). High prevalence of depression and sleep disorders in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, 52(4), 302-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-008-0558-3

Mangione, C. M., Lee, P. P., Pitts, J., Gutierrez, P., Berry, S., & Hays, R. D. (2001). Psychometric properties of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). Archives of Ophthalmology, 119(7), 1050-1058. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.7.1050 PMid:11448327

McKean-Cowdin, R., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Azen, S. P., & Varma, R. (2010). Impact of visual field loss on health-related quality of life in glaucoma: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology, 115(6), 941-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.08.037 PMid:17997485 PMCid:PMC4864605

Quigley, H. A., & Broman, A. T. (2006). The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 90(3), 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.081224 PMid:16488940 PMCid:PMC1856963

Ramulu, P. Y. (2009). Glaucoma and disability: Which tasks are affected, and at what stage of disease? Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 20(2), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832401a9 PMid:19240541 PMCid:PMC2692230

Skalicky, S., Goldberg, I., & McCluskey, P. (2012). Depression and quality of life in patients with glaucoma: a cross-sectional analysis using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15, assessment of function related to vision, and the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 40(7), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02793.x PMid:22429807

Sleath, B., Robin, A. L., Covert, D., Byrd, J. E., & Tudor, G. (2014). Patient-reported behavior and problems in using glaucoma medications. Ophthalmology, 113(3), 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.11.002 PMid:16458091

Taylor, S. A., Galbraith, S. M., Mills, R. A., & Drummond, S. R. (2016). Factors affecting adherence to glaucoma medical therapy in the elderly: a systematic review. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 100(2), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306868

Tham, Y. C., Li, X., Wong, T. Y., Quigley, H. A., Aung, T., & Cheng, C. Y. (2014). Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology, 121(11), 2081-2090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013 PMid:24974815

Wilson, M. R., Coleman, A. L., Yu, F., & Sasaki, I. (2002). Depression in patients with glaucoma as measured by self-report surveys. Ophthalmology, 109(5), 1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)00999-2 PMid:11986112

Zhang, X., Olson, D. J., Le, P., Lin, F. C., & Fleischman, D. (2015). The association between glaucoma, anxiety, and depression in a large population. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 159(3), 470-474.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.005 PMid:25542556