ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL HARVESTING ON FISH BIODIVERSITY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY DESIGN.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i6.1650

Authors

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i6.1650

Keywords:

Subsistence fishing, Food security, Income generation, Biodiversity conservation, Environmental degradation, Sustainable fisheries management

Abstract

Background

Subsistence fishing is vital for the livelihoods and food security of many coastal and inland communities in South Africa. However, unsustainable harvesting practices threaten both freshwater and marine biodiversity. Despite the existence of formal regulations, weak enforcement and limited community involvement reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts. This study examines how policy implementation influences subsistence fishing practices and biodiversity outcomes in selected rivers of the Eastern Cape.

Methods

A mixed-methods approach was used, combining ecological field surveys with structured interviews involving 150 subsistence fishers and consultations with 20 extension officers. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical models to assess the relationship between fishing practices, policy implementation, and biodiversity trends. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to explore challenges in policy enforcement and community perceptions.

Results

Findings showed that 75% of participants were male, with an average age of 42 years, and 60% relied on fishing as their primary income source. Despite existing regulations, 65% of fishers lacked permits, often citing poverty and bureaucratic barriers. Key species, including abalone, line fish, and various freshwater species, showed declining populations. Major challenges included weak enforcement, a disconnect between permit systems and fishing realities, and minimal community involvement in policymaking.

Conclusion

Illegal and unregulated fishing remains prevalent in Eastern Cape rivers, undermining conservation goals and placing fish biodiversity at risk. Current policy frameworks are ineffective in addressing the complex socioeconomic and ecological realities faced by small-scale fishers.

Recommendation

To improve sustainability, the study recommends stronger enforcement, increased community participation in policy design, and the adoption of adaptive, context-specific management strategies. Collaborative governance involving government agencies, local communities, and NGOs is essential to harmonize conservation objectives with the livelihood needs of subsistence fishers.

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