A Narrative Review of Customary Power or Political Instrument: The Evolving Role of Traditional Leaders in Zimbabwe’s Decentralised Governance System.

Abstract

This study examines whether the evolving role of traditional leaders in Zimbabwe’s decentralised governance system reflects customary power or functions as a political instrument. Using a narrative review approach, the study synthesises existing literature on traditional leadership, decentralisation, and local governance to trace shifts in authority, legitimacy, and institutional positioning. It situates traditional leaders within both historical and contemporary governance frameworks, highlighting how their roles have been reshaped from pre-colonial and colonial periods to the post-independence decentralisation agenda. The analysis explores the formal and informal functions performed by traditional leaders, including community representation, dispute resolution, land administration, and participation in local development initiatives. It further examines their interaction with state institutions within decentralised governance structures, where they are expected to enhance grassroots participation, service delivery, and local accountability. At the same time, the study critically interrogates the influence of political dynamics, particularly the extent to which traditional leaders are integrated into formal state systems in ways that may align them with partisan interests. The findings reveal that traditional leaders operate within a hybrid governance space characterised by overlapping customary authority and state-driven political roles. While this dual positioning can strengthen local legitimacy and facilitate community-level governance, it also raises concerns about the autonomy and accountability of customary institutions. The study contributes to policy and governance debates by emphasising the need for clearer institutional frameworks that define and balance the roles of traditional leaders, safeguard their independence, and promote democratic decentralisation in Zimbabwe.