Observational Study on the Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome is commonly linked with endocrine disturbances, including thyroid dysfunction, which may influence metabolic control and cardiovascular risk. Recognizing thyroid status in affected individuals can support timely intervention and improve clinical outcomes. This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction among patients with metabolic syndrome.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 100 adults fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome. Thyroid function was evaluated using serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels. Thyroid status was classified as euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism or overt hyperthyroidism. Clinical details, metabolic parameters and the number of metabolic syndrome components present were recorded. Data were analyzed and results were presented using descriptive statistics.

Results: Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 36% of the study population. The most common abnormality was subclinical hypothyroidism (22%), followed by overt hypothyroidism (8%). Hyperthyroid patterns were less frequent (subclinical hyperthyroidism 4%, overt hyperthyroidism 2%). Females showed a significantly higher prevalence of dysfunction (57.1%) compared to males (20.7%). The age group of 40–59 years demonstrated the highest proportion of thyroid abnormalities (40.4%). A rising trend of thyroid dysfunction was noted with increasing metabolic load: 25.5% in those with three metabolic components, 45.7% with four components and 60.0% with five components. These findings indicate a close association between metabolic burden and thyroid imbalance.

Conclusion: A considerable proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome exhibit thyroid dysfunction, especially subclinical hypothyroidism. Female sex, middle age and higher clustering of metabolic components were associated with increased risk. Early detection and appropriate management of thyroid abnormalities may contribute to better metabolic control and reduced long-term complications.

Recommendations: Routine screening of thyroid function should be considered in all patients with metabolic syndrome. Clinicians should maintain a proactive approach in counseling, early follow-up and lifestyle modification support to minimize disease progression.